Objective. To improve understanding of psychophysiological underpinnings of anxiety disorders a comprehensive study, that included the analysis of cognitive tasks performance, event-related potentials and psychometric scales, has been conducted.Materials and Methods. Participants were patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD group — 12 s.), mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (ADD group — 16 s.) and healthy volunteers (control group — 16 s.). The psychometric techniques included the questionnaires of Spielberger, HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and Carver-White (BIS/BAS Scale). Psychophysiological methods included antisaccade task (AS) and event-related evoked potentials P300 that were recorded during auditory oddball task.Results. The significantly increased anxiety and depression scales, as well as the decreased BAS Reward Responsiveness scale, was found in patients of both clinical groups compared to control one; the increased BIS scale was revealed only in ADD group. In GAD and ADD groups AS performance was worse in response to stimuli in left hemi-field that are initially processed in right hemisphere; on the contrary, decreased number of target stimuli omissions was found in oddball task in clinical groups. P300 amplitude was larger, and P300 latency was shorter for patients with ADD compared to controls. Analysis of asymmetry demonstrated that P300 amplitudes were greater over the frontal-central right than over the left hemisphere in ADD group.Conclusion. The study demonstrated that anxiety disorders are accompanied by reallocation of attentional resources and changes in functional organization of brain networks involved in attention and executive functions. With the same direction, the shifts were greater in ADD group.

Данная статья посвящена поиску ответа на вопрос: что является необходимым условием непрерывного созидания нового, т.е. того, что Анри Бергсон назвал «жизненным порывом». Предлагается гипотеза: сами по себе различия, в какой бы форме они ни существовали, создают потенциал активности любых систем. Аргументируется необходимость выделения особой онтологии – онтологии различий. Созидательная сила различия как такового анализируется с позиций историко-эволюционного подхода. Подчеркивается, что к числу универсальных физических реалий, пронизывающих все формы существования материи, принадлежит энергия. Доказывается существование связи между онтологией различий и энергетическим потенциалом систем на физическом, биологическом и психическом уровнях. Рассмотрены оппозиции: «физическое ↔ биологическое», «Я ↔ Другие» и «привычность ↔ новизна». Уже на уровне физической материи роль различий фундаментальна: неравенство значений любого из параметров физической системы является обязательным условием её энергетического потенциала и работоспособности. Специфическая особенность объединений разнородных физических элементов состоит в том, что они лишены избыточного энергетического ресурса и стремятся к статическому постоянству. Живые системы, напротив, активно взаимодействуя с окружением, наращивают своё отличие от него, порождая новые формы дифференциации. Различие «физическая среда ↔ организм» дополняется различием «организм ↔ другие организмы». Избыточность энергетического обеспечения сложных живых систем позволяет им направлять усилия на решение перспективных задач, выходящих за рамки витального существования. Когнитивная функция любого живого существа независимо от природы информации характеризуется противостоянием «привычность ↔ новизна». Соотношение привычного и новизны индивидуально. Однако по мере возрастания сложности живых систем всё большее значение приобретает отбор именно по признаку новизны: наряду со стабильными структурами сохраняются системы, преимуществом которых является чувствительность к непредсказуемости будущих вызовов. Общим итогом проведенного междисциплинарного анализа стало обоснование того, что сами по себе различия, в какой бы форме они ни существовали, созидательны, но только при условии взаимодействий между противостоящими сущностями. Напротив, унификация и закрытые границы с неизбежностью приводят к риску деградации и распада любых систем.

This article is devoted to the search for an answer to the question: what is the necessary condition for the continuous creation of the new, or what Henri Bergson called the elan vital (vital impulse). A hypothesis is proposed that the differences themselves, whatever form they exist in, create the potential of activity of any systems. The necessity of distinguishing the special ontology, or the ontology of differences, is discussed. The creative power of difference as such is analyzed from the perspective of the historical and evolutionary approach. The article emphasizes that energy belongs to the range of universal physical realities that penetrate all forms of existence of matter. The existence of a connection between the ontology of differences and the energy potential of systems at the physical, biological and mental levels is proved. The article discusses the following oppositions: physical. biological, I. Others and familiarity. novelty. Even at the level of physical matter, the role of differences is fundamental: an indispensable prerequisite of its energy potential and efficiency is the numerical inequality of any parameters of a physical system. A specific feature of combinations of heterogeneous physical elements is that they are deprived of a redundant energy resource and strive for static constancy. Living systems, on the contrary, accumulate the difference from it, interacting actively with the environment and generating new forms of differentiation. The distinction physical environment. organism is complemented by the distinction organism. other organisms. The redundancy of the energy supply of complex living systems allows them to direct their efforts to solving long-term tasks that go beyond the limits of vital existence. The cognitive function of any living being, regardless of the nature of information, is characterized by the opposition of familiarity and novelty. The ratio of the familiar and new is individual. However, as the complexity of living systems increases, the selection based on novelty becomes increasingly important: along with constant structures, there are systems with the advantage of sensitivity to the unpredictability of future challenges. The overall result of the interdisciplinary analysis was the foundation that differences as such, whatever form they exist in, are creative, but under the condition of interactions between opposing matters only. On the contrary, unification and closed borders inevitably lead to the risk of degradation and disintegration of any system.

The article presents an experimental study of the specific mechanisms of the nominative and denotative functions of speech, carried out by the methods of neurophysiology, psychophysiology and neuropsychology. Object-naming deficit (nomination), combined with the intact object recognition by its name (denotation) was the starting point for the study. The idea of the similarity of the main components that ensure nomination and denotation is refuted by this fact and demonstrates the differences in the brain organization of these processes, which is manifested in the specificity of their disorders in local brain lesions. In 20 subjects (10 men and 10 women aged 18–23 years), upon presentation of objects’ images or names, the following parameters were recorded: the simple sensorimotor reaction, the electroencephalogram, event-related potentials (ERPs), and the conditionally negative wave (contingent negative variation, CNV). Statistical analysis of the amplitude–time parameters of the main components of ERPs and CNV showed significant differences in their configuration and topography. These differences may reflect sequential activity of various brain structures at different time stages in the implementation of the studied speech functions.

The paper bridges state-of-the-art approaches to the development of the personality potential, professional identity formation, and the principles of the evolution of complex systems. For this purpose, the historical evolutionary methodology is used to analyze the nature of two basic evolutionary phenomena: adaptation and preadaptation. We emphasize fundamental difference between these two phenomena: whereas adaptations are based on already acquired experience, preadaptations ensure readiness for the unpredictability of the future. We argue that both adaptation and preadaptation are incompatible with unification. However, whereas adaptation demonstrates the system's limited capacity, the resource of preadaptation, i.e. the system's readiness for the future, is an excessive variety of forms that goes beyond the boundaries of the adaptive norm. Drawing on empirical data, we distinguish "specialized" and "universal" redundancy. We consider of particular importance universal structures that are not constrained by a single purpose and are rather endowed with unlimited freedom of transformation. It is shown that universal structures are potentially ready to acquire any specialization "on demand" from the spectrum of possible ones. We demonstrate that adaptive evolution in the "trend mode" and preadaptatiogenesis, or abrupt qualitative transformations, are two sides of one single evolutionary process of living systems, alternately preferred during periods of relative stability and radical changes. Methodological studies of the paradox of coexistence of adaptation and preadaptation in the historical and evolutionary process make it possible to shed light on the cardinal transformations of labor markets and forms of employment in the face of environmental challenges of complexity, uncertainty and diversity. The heuristic power of the metaphor "The work is for man, and not man for the work" is demonstrated for the choice of occupations in the context of changing labor markets. The hypothesis is proposed that the backbone characteristic of a human as Homo Complexus is universal redundancy. The proposed concepts identify a new area of research the transdisciplinary science of change.

Background. One promising direction in development of contactless techniques for assessment of the human psychoemotional slate (PES) is elucidation of the relationships between psychophysiological indices and electromagnetic radiation in the IR and THz ranges. Objective. To present a complex approach to assessing PESs based on combining psychological testing and psychophysiological diagnostics with measurements of radiation in the IR-THz range from face areas. Methods. Stressful psychoemotional states were provoked by physical or cognitive stressors. The PES was monitored by psychological testing and registration of heart rate, photoplethysmogram, galvanic skin response, and respiration rate. The facial images in the IR-THz range were extracted by an IRIV-T0831C detector (NEC, Japan). Results and Discussion. Different PESs are characterized by different specific patterns of psychophysiological parameters. Scores on the anxiety test are highly correlated with scores on the chronic stress questionnaire, but there are no reliable links between the data of psychological tests and the psychophysiological indicators. This discrepancy allows us to assume that for reliable identification of PESs, it is necessary to combine these technologies into one diagnostic complex. We found statistically significant correlations between the intensity of the IR-THz image in the forehead and the galvanic skin response. Conclusion. For the effective diagnosis and forecast of changes in the PES, it is important to consider both the psychological and physiological data. Despite the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio and low frequency of image recording, it is possible to extract informative THz parameters of the broadband IR-THz signal and associate them with psychophysiological reactions. The improvement of IR-THz detectors and the development of new processing methods will allow wide use of the THz range for remote assessment of human PESs in real time.

The article is dedicated to figuring out why complex systems become complex. Paradoxical situation is analyzed: on the one hand, the phenomenon of complexity is recognized as one of the brightest symbols of human's comprehension, on the other hand - there is a gap in the domain of the psychological investigations, searching the answer to the question of why in different conceptions of evolutional development it is complexity that is elevated to the level of "explanation of everything". The necessity to transfer from complexity as a postulate to complexity as a scientific object is stated. From the positions of historical-evolutional approach to the analysis of living systems by using empirical and analytical material from different fields of science it is shown that "simplicity" is inherent to the systems, oriented on permanence and conservatism, and "complexity" characterizes the transforming structures, oriented on the unpredictable future. It is emphasized that in complex systems there is no incompatibility between determinism and unpredictability, moreover, - system gains the status of complexity when unpredictability is "woven" into its logical structure. The frontiers of complex systems' predictability-unpredictability and the opportunities for unpredictability algorithmizing are regarded. It is argued that the non-algorithmized unpredictability of complex systems is provided by the presence of redundant elements. Two forms of redundancy are distinguished owning structurally different dimensions: "specialized" redundancy and "universal" redundancy. Specialized redundancy represents "the reserve for emergency cases". When the same template has one or another number of bodies double it is presented in the form of specialized structures. The function of such a reserve is in augmenting the sustainability of the already existing order by respecting the principle of "no one is irreplaceable". "The universal" redundancy, owning free valences, is fundamentally incomplete. Therefore, it provides such a multi-potential as capacity for transformations. The principle of universal redundancy is "the uniqueness of each one". It is emphasized that it is namely the universal redundancy as a resource of complex systems' capacity towards self-development that allows to explain the shift towards the understanding of a human as a choice subject that is taking place in different sciences and practices and also the shift from the investigations if the one-dimensional man - to multidimensional man.

We propose a new approach to non-contact recording of respiratory function based on the analysis of a sequence of Infrared-terahertz images of the human face, allowing the processes that occur during breathing to be visualized. To obtain quantitative estimates of the respiratory function, two methods are proposed. The first one utilizes a probe which implements the function of spatial differentiation and provides high sensitivity, but requires an increased accuracy of positioning the probe at the nasal opening and scaling in accordance with the camera angle. The other one is a histogram method for obtaining quantitative estimates of the external respiratory function, which is scale invariant and does not require precise positioning, but has a lower sensitivity compared to the first one. The methods proposed have made it possible to remotely evaluate the respiratory rate, which correlates well with the data obtained by a contact method of respiratory function registration.

Psychological structure and brain organization of information processing processes “on the way” from an object to a word denoting it and back — from a word to an object denoted by it, at first glance, should coincide in the composition of their components and differ only in the sequence of their activation. However, clinical evidence is contrary to this assumption. Thus, the phenomenon of “anomie,” that is, the difficulty of naming a visually presented object, can be combined with the absence of difficulty in choosing the desired object by its name. Studies of the causes of such dissociation are based on the use of neurocognitive and psycholinguistic models of speech activity, within which different schemes for organizing information processing processes are proposed. The article is devoted to a brief analysis of the basic provisions of these models and a review of modern neuropsychological, psycho-and neuro-linguistic methods of their experimental verification.

A new approach to terahertz (THz) diagnostics of the human psychoemotional state is proposed, based on the analysis of the THz contribution to the total signal while simultaneously recording the IR and THz emissions from the human body (hereinafter referred to as the IR – THz image). The developed image-processing algorithm allows extraction of the informative contribution determined by the THz radiation from the total signal perceived by the recording system. Simultaneous registration of the IR – THz images of the human face and the psychophysiological indicators are carried out in situations of physical stress (short-term intense physical exercise – squats functional test), electrical stimulation, and information stress (cognitive load – simple arithmetic mental calculations). The obtained data are compared with those of similar measurements at rest. It is shown that using cluster analysis of IR – THz images it is possible to divide the test subjects into classes according to the type of reaction of the circulatory system under stressful conditions.

Background. To assess the structure of inter-ethnic attitudes and the risks of ethno-religious tension, psychologists mostly use questionnaires, interviews, subjective scaling, content analysis, and special tests. One possible approach to increasing the validity and reliability of these explicit methods is the use of the registration of psychophysiological indicators while a recipient completes the questionnaire or test forms. Objective. The results of a pilot psychophysiological research are presented, which focus on the study of human psycho-emotional states during socio-psychological testing to identify attitudes in the field of interethnic and interfaith relations. Design. The essence of the applied experimental approach is to control the functional (psycho-emotional) state of a respondent using the registration of complex psychophysiological (physiological and behavioral) responses in the process of completing the socio-psychological questionnaire. Results. It was shown that the rhythmic brain activity (ratio of the power indexes of alpha and beta rhythms), the amplitude of the systolic wave (photoplethysmogram) (ASW PhPG) and the magnitude (length) of the 'circumflex line of the Galvanic Skin Response' (GSR-L) may be the complex of indicators that possess sufficiently high selective sensitivity to differentiate nonspecific reactions of the human nervous system to personally important (emotiogenic, stressful) questions in the questionnaire. Conclusion. The proposed approach may help to identify stressful (emotiogenic) issues (questions) in socio-psychological tests and questionnaires that are of the greatest interest to the subject and, as a result, most adequately reflect individual and population attitudes in the field of social relations.

From the standpoint of historical evolutionary methodology the origin of sociality is analyzed on a larger than commonly accepted scale - as a problem of emergence and growing complexity of "life together". This approach provides an opportunity to discover a connection between "life together" and leaps of evolution or, as A.S. Severtsov puts it, aromorphoses of complex systems. The authors argue that a leap of "life together" to a qualitatively new level leads to emergence of sociality based on communicative interactions of non -identical individuals. A universal role in development of any complex systems is played by pre-adaptation to uncertainty. According to biologist R. Goldsmith's hypothesis, the most impressive form of pre-adaptation is evolutionarily supported "hopeful freaks" (similar to "degenerates" in fantastic utopias by A. and B. Strugatskys), potentially capable of occupying new niches in case of problems unsolvable within the limits of existing adaptations.

Variations of psychophysiological characteristics, biochemical parameters and terahertz images of a human face were studied during the special test pass which modeled stress situations.

Thanks largely to the theory of open nonequilibrium systems by I.R. Prigogine, non-classical biology of purposeful activity by N.A. Bernstein, modernist theories and new facts, found in evolutionary biology on the border of XX and XXI centuries, "the rediscovery of time" (I. Prigogine) and the rediscovery of evolution occur. Phenomenology of non adaptive manifestations in biology, sociology and psychology, perceived as failures and errors of evolution, are involved into their interpretation of preadaptation to unpredictable future turns from background research into a figure. Based on these facts the hypothesis of preadaptation to uncertainty as navigation strategy developing systems is substantiated. It is proved that preadaptation to uncertainty is a key instrument in the generation of the redundancy of biological, cognitive, social and psychological diversity. The process of evolution, understood as the solution to different classes of problems on the uncertainty is associated with two complementary modes of dynamics to historical changes: the mode of adaptive "trends' evolution" determining stability and specialization of species-typical and socio-typical behaviors; mode of preadaptive "evolution of a revolt", which forms prespecialization, a universal willingness to change and rise to new life forms The hypothesis of preadaptation to uncertainty is the first step towards the formation of evolutionary psychodynamics as a hybrid branch of psychology, linking it with sciences that study the unpredictable changes in the history of man, nature and society.

This paper describes the principles of visualization and analysis of thermal fields generated by different physiological processes around the facial area and in the environment. The dynamics of these fields was studied and their possible application for quantitative evaluation of psychophysical parameters is analyzed using infrared thermography with high spatial and temporal resolution. A software module has been developed and tested for combining infrared and visible camera images. A technique was proposed for complex recording and analysis of central and peripheral nervous activities using a thermal camera that captures three types of temperature fields that vary with time around the facial area: exhaled gas flows, cutaneous blood circulation, and sweat gland activity.