The article presents taxonomy of personality traits based on Russian adjectives. As personality structures derived from adjectives have been widespread worldwide, the identification of such a structure for the Russian language would open up possibility of applying global taxonomies like the Big Five and HEXACO to the Russian-language context. Participants were 812 Russian residents; after removing unreliable observations, the final sample comprised 773 of them (20.6% male), aged from 15 to 75 (M = 25.79, SD = 12.13), with 64 individuals having not indicated their age and other 64 individuals having not indicated their gender. Respondents fulfilled a list of 591 adjectives taken from a larger vocabulary (N = 1253), along with Russian versions of the Big Five Inventory-2 and HEXACO-PI-R aimed at measuring Five-Factor and HEXACO personality models. The data was analyzed using Principal Component Analysis with varimax rotation. The optimal number of factors was determined by utilizing the scree test and the "sufficient size" criterion. The data was preliminarily ipsatized, i.e., centered around the mean answer of the respondent, a widespread practice in the psycholexical research. The "sufficient size" criterion allowed us to settle on a seven-factor structure as an optimal solution. We analyzed hierarchical solutions ranging from single-factor up to the seven-factor model. Substantively, several Russian factors (Conscientiousness, Openness, and Extraversion) fitted their counterparts in the international Big Five and HEXACO. The remaining factors were somewhat specific and have been labeled Honesty/Humility - Machiavellianism/Psychopathy, Anxious Compliant - Calm Assertiveness, Emotional Volatility - Emotional Resilience, Modesty - Narcissism. They correlate with the factors Honesty/Humility, Neuroticism, Emotionality, and Agreeableness from the international models. In general, the present structure of Russian adjective personality descriptors favors the HEXACO model rather than the Big Five model. The seven-factor solution largely corresponds to HEXACO with a ramification of the Honesty/Humility factor of the latter in that a Modesty - Narcissism factor appeared separately from the remaining Honesty/Humility.

We compared a new Russian dictionary of personality descriptors with the thesaurus of personality traits by Alexander Shmelev and his colleagues developed in the 1980s and 1990s. In the new dictionary, the descriptors were selected from the Open Corpus, a global Russian word collection which had included over 140,000 adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs. We utilized a “German methodology” of the word selection which comprises a three-stage process; in so doing, we consecutively yielded a full (2,384 words) and abridged (1,253 words) dictionaries of the personality descriptors, with cognate synonyms and antonyms being removed from the latter. While developing the full dictionary, we engaged groups of experts who varied in their age, sex, and expertise, in amounts from 6 to 45 experts per group. In the full dictionary, full equivalents to contents of the Shmelev’s thesaurus were found for 624 words, whereas 1,353 words present in the Shmelev’s thesaurus were excluded (the reasons for it are discussed in the paper). From the Shmelev’s thesaurus, 109 words were absent in our initial 140,000 list, whereas 629 words in our dictionaries were absent in the Shmelev’s thesaurus. Overall, the Shmelev’s thesaurus was 26.2% equal to our full dictionary and 49.8% to the abridged dictionary. These differences do not imply different findings to be potentially revealed between the dictionaries, as the content of core personality characteristics can remain the same over the dictionaries. Consequently, estimations of the global Russian personality trait structure using either dictionary could closely fit. Conversely, the methodology of including or excluding descriptors in the particular dictionary could explain why the structures of personality were different.

The psycholexical approach is a basic option for identifying the structure (taxonomies) of individual differences in personality. All personality traits assumed to be important for the individual may be reflected in the language; They thus can be detected by analyzing the language. Psycholexical research has given rise to many popular models such as the Big Five and HEXACO. So far, the psycholexical studies have been performed on the basis of over 30 languages. The first Russian taxonomy by A. Shmelev and his colleagues was revealed well over 30 years ago. This study differed methodologically from existing practice of performing the psycholexical research, which makes cross-cultural comparisons of the Russian taxonomy difficult. In this context, a new study of the Russian taxonomy of personality traits remains a relevant research endeavor today. The article describes the first step of a new psycholexical study, whereby we have compiled a global dictionary of the personality descriptors. We employed a corpus of Russian words, comprising four parts of speech: adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs. The initial total list contained 140,189 words. We then selected personality-relevant words in three stages. Consequently, the word list was reduced to 26,124 units. At the second, classification stage, we retained 4,089 words describing human personality. The third stage of final cleaning the dictionary has ended up with two dictionaries of the Russian personality descriptors. The former, advanced dictionary includes 2,384 words (600 adjectives, 753 nouns as attributes, 184 nouns as types, 501 verbs, and 346 adverbs); the latter, abridged dictionary includes 1,253 words (591 adjectives, 231 nouns as attributes, 62 nouns as types, 320 verbs, and 49 adverbs). In the abridged dictionary, synonyms and antonyms of the different parts of speech were removed. At the next stage of the study, we plan to investigate an empirical structure of the Russian personality taxonomy.

The paper is aimed to examine psychometric properties of short (BFI-2-S; 30 items) and extra-short (BFI-2-XS; 15 items) forms of the Russian version of the Big Five Inventory-2. Two samples were employed, which comprised Internet users (N = 1787) and students (N = 1024). Scores on the BFI-2-X/BFI-2-XS scales and subscales were distributed normally. The methods demonstrated adequate internal consistency and retest reliability (n = 90). The factor structure measured by the principal components analysis and the Random Intercept Exploratory Factor Analysis showed that BFI-2-X/ BFI-2-XS's data reproduced the structure previously obtained in other cultures. The BFI-2-X/BFI-2-XS subscales correlated with the IPIP subscales, such that they supported convergent and discriminant validity. Therefore, the Russian BFI-2-X and BFI-2-XS represent psychometricaly solid instruments.

Objective Changeability of personality over short-term intervals has increasingly become a focus of research. However, the role played by argumentation interventions in short-term variations has scarcely been examined. Methods In two experiments (N = 363 and 320), we investigated how processing positive and negative argumentation regarding extraversion (Study 1: watching a lecture; Study 2: elaborating self-invented arguments) affects self-reports on this trait and attitude toward it. The experiments included three waves of measurements with argument manipulation (in favor of or against extraversion) immediately prior to Time 2 (Study 2 also included a control group). Results Mean-level changes in extraversion across time moments, measured with the longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis, were consistently negligible. Conversely, there were some indications that argumentation about extraversion could have immediate short-term effects on attitudes toward this trait. The random-intercept cross-lagged model showed that rank-order consistency stemmed from a trait-like intercept, which was particularly large for trait extraversion compared with the attitude. The autoregressive and cross-lagged effects of residual within-person variation were consistently small and mostly nonsignificant. Conclusion Our findings suggest that extraversion and the attitude toward it maintained their temporal continuity within 3 months, even under a single exposure to arguments pro and contra this trait.

The influence of personality traits on performance at school is regularly researched in various studies, including meta-analytical studies. As personality traits are quite stable, they scarcely can be changed. According to the five-factor theory, the influence of inborn traits on behaviour is mediated by acquired characteristic adaptations. Which means that it is easier to change characteristic adaptations in order to correct behaviour, rather than traits. The survey was conducted among 135 Russian adolescents, ages from 14 to 17 (M=15.19; SD=0,71). The traits of the Big Five and four variations of reflexive characteristic adaptations were measured. Performance was also counted – the average score in all subjects for each student in the past academic year. As a result, we have found correlations of conscientiousness and openness with performance. This research has shown that reflexive characteristic adaptations are a more trustworthy performance correlate than traits. We have discovered that meta-attitude toward conscientiousness contributes, in a unique way, to performance at school. This contribution depended on neither gender differences nor the differences in the conscientiousness trait itself. The study has also revealed that the correlations between performance and openness can mostly be explained by gender differences. Whereas meta-attitude toward openness makes a significant contribution to the variation of successes in studying regardless of the gender differences and the differences in the openness treat itself. Thus, the research has shown, that reflexive characteristic adaptations contributes, in a unique way, to the prediction of performance at school.

The present article aims to assess psychometric characteristics of a Russian version of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2). This questionnaire measures five basic personality domains, as well as three facets per domain. We collected data from an Internet sample comprised of 1,787 people (31.9% of men) aged from 14 to 54 years (M = 26.31; SD = 7.76). The study covered over ten regions of the Russian Federation. The factorial structure of the BFI-2 was examined using the principal component analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and random intercept exploratory factor analysis. The five-factor structure of the BFI-2 was confirmed both at the domain and facet levels. Strict measurement invariance was obtained across sex, which makes it possible to compare raw scores of the questionnaire when assessing sex differences. Sex differences obtained in this study were consistent with those published in the extant literature. Across the BFI-2 subscales, internal consistency measured by the Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega ranged from satisfactory to excellent. The Ferguson's delta (adapted by M. Hankins) was high which shows that the Russian BFI-2 can distinguish individuals with various manifestations of a domain or facet. To summarize, the Russian version of the BFI-2 represents a reliable and valid tool for measuring the basic traits of personality.

Статья посвящена проверке психометрических характеристик русскоязычной версии методики Big Five Inventory-2. Данная методика измеряет пять черт личности, а также три аспекта (фасета) каждой черты. Сбор данных осуществлялся в сети Интернет, итоговая выборка составила 1787 человек (31.9% мужчин) в возрасте от 14 до 54 лет (M = 26.31; SD = 7.76). В ходе исследования было охвачено более десяти субъектов Российской Федерации. Структура опросника изучалась с помощью анализа главных компонент, конфирматорного факторного анализа и эксплораторного факторного анализа со случайным интерсептом (random intercept exploratory factor analysis). В результате была подтверждена структура опросника как на уровне шкал (черт), так и на уровне субшкал (аспектов черт). Оценка межгрупповой инвариантности показала, что можно говорить о строгой эквивалентности моделей в выборках по полу. Это позволяет сравнивать сырые баллы по шкалам и субшкалам опросника при оценке половых различий. Выявленные различия при сравнении по полу согласуются с имеющимися в науке данными о половых различиях в чертах. Надежность, измеренная, в частности, с помощью альфы Кронбаха и омеги Макдональда, продемонстрировала удовлетворительную, хорошую и высокую степень внутренней согласованности. Проверка дискриминативности шкал (коэффициент дельта Фергюсона в адаптации М. Хэнкинса) показала высокую степень способности опросника дифференцировать испытуемых по степени выраженности изучаемых признаков. Таким образом, русскоязычная версия опросника Big Five Inventory-2 может считаться надежным и валидным инструментом для измерения основополагающих черт личности и их аспектов.

An overview of modern foreign capital studies is presented. Human, social, psychological capitals as independent areas of research are singled out and described. For the first time, the concept of the capital of individuality, complementing other types of capital, is being introduced and developed. The basic features of capital are revealed through the concepts of resources and potentials. Individual properties taken together are shown as distributed resources and potentials, on the one hand, the combined resources and potentials of the individuality taken together by its properties on the other. The perspective of a systematic study of the capital of individuality may be the appeal to the theory of integral individuality of V.S. Merlin and the concept of system integration of human individuality by B.A. Vyatkin and L.Y. Dorfman. An approach to empirical study of the capital of individuality is planned, taking into account the multi-level properties of integral individuality as resources and potentials that enable a person to achieve high results in various areas of life. The concept of the capital of individuality is introduced in order to complement the existing notions of individual differences with a view of them from the point of view of revealing the strengths of human possibilities for existence, life support, individual success.

According the psycho-lexical hypothesis, any substantial individual differences in human behavior, emo-tions, cognition and motivation are supposed to be reflected in the language, which means that by analyzing the language one will be able to identify these differences. Further, using the factor analysis of self-reported individual differences, it is possible to identify the structure of personality traits. For example, based on a psycho-lexical study of English descriptors, the Big Five has been articulated. Meanwhile, the Russian taxonomy of personality traits has remained understudied. In the present article, we discuss some aspects of the organization of a psycho-lexical study. First, we analyze possible sources for the initial analysis of a lan-guage: free self-descriptions, everyday talks, dictionaries, etc. A conclusion is made about the advantage of using lists, normally dictionaries, compiled by professional linguists. In our future study, we also plan to use a similar list, namely, a corpus of the Russian language. Second, possible parts of speech taken as a ba-sis for the analysis of words are discussed. Usually researchers focus on adjectives, less often they add nouns to the list. However, the analysis of scientific literature shows the need to use all possible parts of speech for such a study. In our research, we plan to use adjectives, nouns, adverbs, and verbs. Third, fea-tures of German and Dutch word selection methodologies are analyzed. We conclude that the German methodology may be preferable to the Dutch methodology in some aspects; therefore, we plan to employ the former in our study. Finally, the need for a psycho-lexical study in Russian and its blueprint are dis-cussed.

The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) is a recently published 60-item questionnaire that measures personality traits within the five-factor model framework. An important aspect of the BFI-2 is that it measures the traits at both the domain and facet levels and also controls acquiescence bias via the balanced number of true- and false-keyed items across the domains and facets. The current research evaluates factorial measurement invariance of a Russian version of the BFI-2 across sex and age within samples of 1,024 university students (Study 1) and 1,029 Internet users (Study 2). Across these samples, men scored lower on the domains of negative emotionality and agreeableness and slightly higher on extraversion. Sex differences were also obtained on various facets. In the Internet sample, age correlated modestly with several Big Five domains in accordance with the well-documented maturity principle. The newly developed Russian version of BFI-2 showed good reliability and validity across both samples. Moreover, random intercept exploratory factor analyses showed that the BFI-2 displayed a hierarchical five-domain-15-facet structure that demonstrated strict measurement invariance across sex and age.

Аннотация:В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к определению экстраверсии.Сопоставляются взгляды на экстраверсию в рамках теории К.Г.Юнга, Г

В рамках пятифакторной теории личности предполагается, что врожденные черты личности влияют на объективную биографию через характерные адаптации (McCrae, Costa, 2013). Установки на черты являются рефлексивной разновидностью характерных адаптаций. Установки на черты определяются как биполярные (положительные/отрицательные) социальные установки индивида на психологический конструкт, хранящиеся в семантической памяти без прямой отсылки к какому-либо индивиду, включая самого респондента (Shchebetenko, 2014). Целью данного исследования было изучение валидности конструкта установок на черты. В результате эмпирического исследования с общей выборкой 1226 человек была получена структура установок на черты, в целом повторяющая пятифакторную структуру черт личности. Все установки коррелировали между собой, но при этом размер корреляций не превышал значения r = 0.48, т.е. установки на разные черты являются разными, хотя и связанными между собой конструктами. Были получены сильные корреляции между открытостью, доброжелательностью, экстраверсией и соответствующими установками; умеренные корреляции между добросовестностью и установкой на нее; слабая корреляция между нейротизмом и установкой на него. Факторный анализ показал, что установки на черты образуют один общий фактор. Структурное моделирование продемонстрировало, что теоретические предположения о влиянии черт личности, образующих факторы Стабильности/Пластичности, на единый фактор, образованный установками на черты в целом, соответствуют эмпирическим данным. Перспективы изучения конструкта установок на черты связаны с исследованиями данного феномена на другой возрастной группе, а также с изучением установок на черты в разных культурах.

According to the Five Factor Theory (McCrae & Costa, 2013), innate personality traits affect an objective biography after a characteristic adaptation. Attitudes toward traits are a reflexive kind of characteristic adaptations. Attitudes toward traits represent bipolar (positive vs. negative) evaluations of a psychological construct, stored in semantic memory, without reference to a particular person (Shchebetenko, 2014). The aim of this research is to study the validity of attitudes toward traits. As a result of an empirical study with a total sample of 1226 people, the structure of attitudes toward traits was obtained, generally repeating the five-factor structure of personality traits. All attitudes correlated with each other, correlation coefficient did not exceed r = .48, i.e., attitudes towards different traits are different, although related, phenomena. Strong correlations between openness, agreeableness, extraversion and the corresponding attitudes were discovered; moderate correlations between conscientiousness and the attitude to it were obtained; a weak correlation between neuroticism and the attitude toward it was found. Factor analysis showed that attitudes toward traits form one common factor. Structural modeling has demonstrated that theoretical hypotheses about the influence of personality traits, forming factors of Stability/Plasticity, on a single factor, formed by the attitudes toward traits, correspond to empirical data in general. The prospects of research are studies in another age group, and cross-cultural studies.

Gender differences in personality traits according to the "Big Five" model are reproduced consistently in various studies on different cultures. The reasons for these differences are usually explained in biological and social deterministic theories. The reflective component of personality traits also can serve as their explanation. For example, earlier (Shchebetenko, 2017) it was shown that gender differences in traits can be explained by reflective characteristic adaptations (RCA) element of personality, which pertains to awareness and monitoring of one's individual traits. This effect was stable for all traits except for neuroticism. In the present paper we studied to what extent this configuration of results is non-random and empirically reproducible. Nine hundred six people aged 17-25 took part in the study, 314 (34.7%) were male. Gender differences were found in agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness: all these traits were higher in women. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that men and women differed in an RCA, namely, in attitudes toward traits, which statistically eliminated gender differences in traits themselves. Such a result questions biological deterministic theories of gender differences in traits. Social strategies of conduct and upbringing of sexes can affect differential evaluation of traits by men and women. Neuroticism is the exception again: as in the previous research, gender differences in this trait were still salient even after controlling for attitude toward it. Probably, behavior of men and women is differed in the degree of manifestation of neuroticism, and these differences are not determined by the reflective appraisals of this trait.

Gender differences in personality traits according to the “Big Five” model are reproduced consistently in various studies on different cultures. The reasons for these differences are usually explained in biological and social deterministic theories. The reflective component of personality traits also can serve as their explanation. For example, earlier (Shchebetenko, 2017) it was shown that gender differences in traits can be explained by reflective characteristic adaptations (RCA) - element of personality, which pertains to awareness and monitoring of one’s individual traits. This effect was stable for all traits except for neuroticism. In the present paper we studied to what extent this configuration of results is non-random and empirically reproducible. Nine hundred six people aged 17-25 took part in the study, 314 (34.7%) were male. Gender differences were found in agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness: all these traits were higher in women. The hierarchical regression analysis showed that men and women differed in an RCA, namely, in attitudes toward traits, which statistically eliminated gender differences in traits themselves. Such a result questions biological deterministic theories of gender differences in traits. Social strategies of conduct and upbringing of sexes can affect differential evaluation of traits by men and women. Neuroticism is the exception again: as in the previous research, gender differences in this trait were still salient even after controlling for attitude toward it. Probably, behavior of men and women is differed in the degree of manifestation of neuroticism, and these differences are not determined by the reflective appraisals of this trait.