P. A. Dokukin1, M. A. Guvenaltin2, T. S. Irmak3, V. I. Kaftan4, M. Toker5 1 People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia2 Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey3 Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkey4 Geophysical Center RAS,

Smart management of the wheat crop requires understanding the various variables affecting crop quality and quantity. The use of remote sensing data contributes to improve the application of precision agriculture (PA).The current paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of remote sensing in monitoring wheat growth and enhance the management practices. Three cultivation technologies for winter wheat were implemented: basic (CT1), intensive (CT2), and highly intensive (CT3) were investigated. Sentinel-2 with a resolution of 10 m was used to monitor the change in wheat growth under different management systems during 2019. The following variables: yield quantity, grain quality (measured protein and gluten), in addition, five vegetation indices: Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),Green Chlorophyll Index (GCI), Green Leaf Index (GLI) were retrieved during the growing season. The results showed that, GCI has the highest performance in predicting crop yield where r was 0.98. In addition, the SAVI and NDVI have the same performance; r was 0.96 for both protein and gluten contents. The yield production of CT3 has increased by 3 t/ha, in addition, the grain quality was superior compared to the CT1. The economic efficiency results showed that the CT3 was the most profitable for Moscovskaya 40 variety (WV1) with 2,72 Payback. For Nemchinovskaya 17 variety (WV2), the most profitable cultivation technology was the CT1 and CT2 with 2,44 Payback, and for the new variety Nemchinovskaya 85, the CT2 was the most profitable with the Payback of 3,03. Finally, remote sensing shows the spatial variation in crop growth, which enhances crop management to achieve optimal production in terms of quantity and quality.

A system of principles defining emergency response is proposed. The boundary conditions of emergency response are formulated. The consequences arising from the proposed principles are worked out. The significance of the emergency response principles is substantiated. A system of priorities for the implementation of the strategy of risk reduction and mitigation of the emergency consequences, arising from these principles, is proposed. Special attention is paid to the large university emergency response.

P. A. Dokukin1, V. I. Kaftan2, A. I. Manevich2,3, R. V. Shevchuk2,3,4 1 People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia 2 Geophysical Center RAS, Moscow, Russia 3 Mining Institute of NUST MISiS, Moscow, Russia 4 Sсhmidt institute of

The possibility of scientific substantiation of moral and ethical principles in emergency situations (emergencies) is considered. The search for decision-making criteria in conditions of uncertainty and lack of information and knowledge is carried out. The process of expert assessment of emergencies is analyzed, the democratic decision-making process by majority vote, which does not take into account "special opinions", is questioned. The importance of evaluation is emphasized: the prices of an incorrectly made decision. The conclusion is made in favor of a decision with full consensus, which allows avoiding unnecessary casualties and large damages in an emergency.

Soil-crop models are widely used as valuable tools to assess the combined effects of cropping practices, soil management and climate on the agro-environmental indicators. They provide a wide range of predictive information that are useful to design and evaluate innovative cropping systems. However, intercropping modeling is still under development, especially for grain legumes-based intercropping system. We performed here the first calibration of the STICS (v 9.2) model on chickpea grown under contrasting nitrogen (N) levels during two copping seasons (2018/2019 and 2019/2020). This calibration allowed us to simulate a wide range of agronomic scenarios (climate, N-fertilization and cropping system) to optimize intercrops (durum wheat-chickpea) management. 37 parameters were estimated by using a sequential optimization method. Our results showed that STICS performs well in predicting Leaf Area Index (LAI), above ground biomass (AGB) and N uptake (AGPN) for both intercropped and sole cropped species, with satisfactory model efficiency (EF ranged from 0.62 to 0.93). In addition, grain yield was correctly predicted by the model with small error (NRMSE 13%) especially for wheat crop (EF 21%). STICS predicted well root depth under the conditions of our field study (EF 37%). For soil outputs variables, the model simulated adequately soil water content with a satisfactory model efficiency (EF 0.28) with high relative error (NRMSE 56%) in sole cropping system, while it was moderately adequately predicted (EF < 0.44) in intercropping. Under the two contrasted years and N-application conditions of this study, the temporal dynamic was well reproduced by the model for both plant and soil outputs with low simulation errors. RMSE values were lesser than 0.6 m2m-2 (9%), 0.2 t ha-1 (14%) and 30 kg ha-1 (12%), respectively for LAI, grain yield and AGPN of sole cropped chickpea. The dynamic of soil water content was also well reproduced among all N-application rate and during the two cropping year, with RMSE equal to 27 mm (<10%). The present work provides the first calibration for chickpea sole crop and an evaluation for durum wheat-chickpea intercrops, which will allow to use the STICS model to simulate scenarios of innovative cropping practices based on crop diversification (i.e. grain legumes and cereals) and N-fertilization management.

Eclogites exposed along the northeastern boundary of the Belomorian orogen in the eastern Fennoscandian Shield formed as a result of Mesoarchean-Neoarchean subduction. Highly-deformed banded TTG gneisses with eclogitized mafic pods, lenses and dykes in the Gridino association of metamorphic rocks have been modified locally to have typical migmatite structures that formed as HP rocks decompressed through HP granulite-facies metamorphic conditions (16-12 kbar, 800-850 degrees C) to amphibolite-facies conditions (10-9 kbar, 600-700 degrees C). The migmatites are located with the boundaries between felsic and mafic lithologies, which are the most suitable place for partial melting, fluid migration, and component diffusion. Symplectic intergrowths of hydrous minerals (mica, epidote) together with quartz in the leucosome are important markers of arrested reaction textures that formed by reversed hydration crystallization of residual melts or by fluids where their infiltrated through migmatite areas. There are two potassic granitic leucosomes with contrasting geochemical signatures. Garnet and phengite-bearing leucosome replaces the host TTG gneiss and percolates mafic rocks. This leucosome is distinguished by a high Ba content, striking positive Eu and Sr anomalies and corresponding low concentrations of all other trace elements. The compositions of the leucosome record initial segregation and migration of melt away from the residual source and subsequent crystal fractionation, dominated by feldspars, of the escaped melt. Migration of anatectic melts led to the formation of small bodies of leucogranite that are characterized by high contents of trace elements and negative Eu and Sr anomalies. Leucogranites formed from portions of fractionated melt that percolated the migmatites and solidified. Anatexis occurred during the Neoarchean time (similar to 2.7 Ga). U-rich zircon domains were partly or completely affected by radiation damage that yield discordant scattered dates between 2.7 and 1.9 Ga, which are interpreted as reflecting a thermal and fluid overprint during evolution of Belomorian province that produced recrystallization and Pb loss in Neoarchean zircons.

Rice is an essential crop for national food security in Egypt. Increasing the population calls for regular increases in rice production. At the same time, cultivated rice crop areas should be decreased because of the gradual scarcity of irrigation water. This means more rice production should be gained from less rice area. This situation calls for the annual accurate system for rice monitoring and yield estimation. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a remotely sensed based system for rice cultivation assessment using satellite imagery parallel with field measurements of some biophysical parameters. Multi-temporal normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) extracted from twelve sentinel-2 imagery cover the whole summer season with variance and maximum value assessed by ground control points (GCPs), were used to isolate uncultivated areas, then to isolate rice areas and other vegetation covers. object-based classification methods with kappa co-efficient 0.9261 and overall accuracy 94.92% was generated to discriminate rice crop area and other summer crops on the study area. Leaf area index (LAI) for the experiment the l site was calculated using the surface energy balance algorithm for Land (SEBAL) model and then tested versus measured (LAI). NDVI and LAI were used to generate an empirical ran rice yield prediction model. Then, this model was used to produce rice to yield a map. The study was carried out in an experimental site in Kafr Elsheikh governorate with a total area of 5040 Hectare. Produced cultivated land use map showed 95% overall accuracy. High similarity was observed between measured and calculated (LAI) with high accuracy of R2 = 0.94. of Rice, yield map showed expected to yield more to than a month before harvest. The generated yield map was tested using a correlation coefficient between actual yield and estimated yield with high accuracy R2 = 0.9. This method is applicable to estimate the acreage and productivity of rice in the northern Nile delta in adequate time before harvest.

A retrospective analysis of the emergency risk management theory is presented. A brief history of the origin of the main emergency risk management theory terms and concepts is presented in the article. The events that required theoretical comprehension of emergency situations, their legislative regulation and the need to search for new solutions are investigated. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the Seveso Directive of the European Union. The author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the "absolute security" concept, justifies the inevitability of the transition to the "acceptable risk" concept. The quantitative measure of taking 10-6 per year as the maximum acceptable (or maximum permissible) individual risk and 10-8 per year as a negligible risk is justified.

Crop heterogeneity constitutes the basis for taking managerial decisions in precision farming systems. Although the general perception is that heterogeneity within a plot is related to heterogeneity of soil cover, this needs further study and remains an active subject of research. This paper examines the relationship between the heterogeneity of different crops in the Tula region of the Russian Federation based on vegetation observations during the period 2015–2020 with the mapping units of a large (scale 1:10,000) soil map. NDVI values calculated from Sentinel-2 satellite data were used as a measure of crop heterogeneity. The comparison of NDVI values and the soil mapping units showed that there is a degree of correlation which, however, was not particularly high. Results indicate that correlation depends on the crop type, the phenological phase of vegetation, as well as on the meteorological conditions during the vegetation season, the soil moisture and the presence of weeds. It could be concluded that the soil map alone cannot be used as a reliable source for explaining crop heterogeneity in the Tula region and that other factors should be considered.

The modeling of continuous transfers of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) previously published in the literature has paid little attention to the functional role of micro-organisms. In general, only monoculture systems have been modeled. Furthermore, there have been few experiments under field conditions at farm scale, where clear evidence for the benefits of intercropping is lacking. This work focus on mechanistic modeling approaches based on the ecological functioning of the microbial biomass, to quantify the daily exchange of C and N between plant organs, micro-organisms, rhizobial symbionts, soil compartments and the atmosphere in an arable intercropping system. The MOMOS model was validated on C and N data collected from a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. El Djadida) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Filou) intercropping system. The experiment was performed at two field sites that were chosen with farmers to represent both high and low soil P availability. The results show that all C and N exchanges were successfully predicted at 5% significance and that they depend on the phenological stage, especially the flowering stage. Increased C allocation from photosynthesis to roots contributed to increasing both grain yield and N grain for intercropped maize. C and N stocks in the common bean nodules were lower in intercropping than in monocultures, and this is associated with the decrease of total atmospheric nitrogen (N2) fixation by intercropped common beans, in particular with a high soil P. However, the rate of N2 fixation was higher in the intercrops than in the monoculture when the soil is P-deficient. Micro-organisms were responsible for most of the C losses from the soil to the atmosphere but intercropping significantly reduced the C losses by improving micro-organism C use efficiency. These results uncover the strong link between N and C stocks, confirming the robustness of the newly formulated MOMOS equations that are validated in this paper. This agroecological modeling experiment demonstrated the functional role of microbial biomass, in both the growth of the intercrops crop and their symbiosis, improving the prediction of the daily C and N flows between plant organs, soil compartments and the atmosphere.

The basic terms underlying the theory of emergency management are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of official definitions are considered, in particular, the data in the law of 21.12.1994 No. 68-FZ (Federal Law), in GOST (State Standard) R 22.0.02-2016, as well as in the number of authoritative foreign sources (Webster's dictionary, encyclopedia Britannica, Cambridge dictionary, Oxford dictionary, documents of the European Commission, etc.). The consequences of the legislative definition of an emergency in No. 68-FZ are investigated. The etymological, epistemological and gnoseological basis of the concepts of emergency, safety and danger, risk and uncertainty are analyzed. There is a great deal of variation in the interpretation of the concepts of safety and danger in sources of different origin and the illegality of mixing or substituting these concepts.

The Salma-type Archaean eclogites exposed along the northwestern boundary of the Belomorian Eclogite Province in the eastern Fennoscandian Shield formed as a result of the Mesoarchaean-Neoarchaean subduction and collision. The common protoliths of the Salma-type subduction-related eclogites were oceanic layered gabbro and volcanic-sedimentary assemblage. The eclogite-facies pillow lavas and associated alumina-siliceous sediments that fill interpillow space and intercalate with lava flows are the main objects of our work. The kyanite-garnet-phengite-quartz rocks formed after alumina-siliceous sediments contain fluid inclusions trapped in large relic quartz grains. The fluid inclusions yielded an isochore that corresponds to PT-conditions of a beginning of the Salma oceanic rock subduction from the seafloor level that generally confirms the sedimentary provenance of these rocks. The alumina-siliceous sediments underwent the eclogite-facies metamorphism at pressure no lower than 21 kbar and temperatures of 650-750 degrees C and transformed into kyanite-garnet-phengite-quartz rocks. During exhumation under granulite-facies conditions at temperatures up to 900 degrees C and pressure down to 9 kbar, eclogite facies metasediments underwent partial melting accompanied by disequilibrium breakdown of phengite + quartz association with formation complex polymineralic pseudomorphs consisting of feldspars, biotite, muscovite, kyanite, corundum, and dumortierite. U-Pb dating of Th-rich igneous zircon from melted metasedimentary and mafic rocks using the LA-ICP-MS and TIMS methods yielded the time of granulite facies event accompanied by partial melting processes at similar to 2.45 Ga. After this, zircon underwent fluid-induced alteration, causing partial dissolution followed by precipitation of new Th-poor zircon and zircon rims around ancient grains at similar to 1.9 Ga ago

In arid and semi-arid regions, the water-use efficiency (WUE) is highly important for water administration and management. The water losses increased, when water application records low efficiency. The water losses maybe amplified, when the irrigation system ignores soil variability and water applied uniformly. Which means more water application, more energy demand, and more money expenses. The current investigation aims at using remotely sensed data and GIS Techniques for monitoring irrigation water consumption and its correlation with crop yield under the pivot irrigation system. El-Salhia region contains a big agricultural farm located at the South Eastern of Nile delta. The investigated field was irrigated under the pivot central sprinkler irrigation system which cultivated with the wheat crop. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) were calculated based on landsat data. The crop water stress index (CWSI) depends on the variance between the LST of the targets and their air temperature (Tair) to detect the relative moisture condition. The soil texture, organic matter, time-domain reflectometer (TDR), thermal infrared, leaf area index (LAI), and actual yield measurements were taken for 47 systematic samples during the wheat growing season of the year 2012/2013. Accordingly, the available water (AW) displayed relatively lower accuracy than the rest of the other parameters. The canopy temperature ( T c ), CWSI, field capacity (Fc), and LAI showed high accuracy to predict the wheat yield as shown from the statistical analysis. The WUE recorded 1.07 (kg/m 3 ) in the southeast boundary and gradient toward the northwest boundary with a rate of 2.2 (kg/m 3 ). The WUE distribution is comparable to soil parameters and measured yield circulation, which indicates high applicability with significant improvement in yield response.