Актуальность работы. Оценка влияния добычи бокситовых руд открытым способом в Гвинейской Республике на уровень загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и природным радионуклидом 210Po экосистемы реки Фатала проводится впервые, что определяет актуальность выполняемых исследований. Цель работы. Оценка загрязнения тяжелыми металлами и 210Po компонентов экосистемы реки Фатала (Гвинейская Республика) в качестве примера для определения влияния добычи полезных ископаемых открытым способом на экологическое состояние рек добывающих стран. Методы и методология исследования. Определяли концентрации 16 элементов (Be, Al, V, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb) методом масс-спектрометрии с индуктивно связанной плазмой (ИСП-МС) в соответствии с ГОСТ Р 562192014 на масс-спектрометре Plasma Quant MSElite (AnalytikJena) на базе центра коллективного пользования «Спектрометрия и хроматография» ФИЦ ИнБЮМ. Для выделения 210Ро из отобранных образцов применяли радиохимические методы. Счетные образцы 210Ро измеряли с помощью α-спектрометрического комплекса «ALPHADuo» ORTEC-Ametek (США). Химический выход полония составлял 80–90 %. Погрешность измерения не превышала 15 %. Результаты работы. Впервые получены данные по загрязнению реки Фатала (Гвинейская Республика) тяжелыми металлами и природным радионуклидом 210Po. Определено, что в воде реки Фатала из всех исследуемых элементов превышение ПДК для воды хозяйственно-питьевого назначения в отношении ТМ наблюдалось только для Cd. При этом удельная активность Ро в воде реки была на три порядка ниже уровня вмешательства (УВ=0,11 Бк/кг) для питьевой воды, рекомендованного Нормами радиационной безопасности РФ. Используя эти исследования в качестве примера для определения влияния добычи полезных ископаемых открытым способом на экологическое состояние рек добывающих стран получено, что данные виды загрязнителей (ТМ и 210Po) не являются ключевыми, влияющими на качество вод в реках, протекающих по территории с открытым способом добычи полезных ископаемых.

The relevance of content monitoring of heavy metals and anthropogenic radionuclides in the Atlantic waters of the Antarctic region is determined by the need for a modern assessment of the aquatic environmental quality for making responsible decisions about the protection of marine living resources in this unique region of the World Ocean. The goal of the research is to obtain new data on the levels and spatial and depth distribution of the concentration of trace elements, mainly heavy metals, and anthropogenic radioisotopes in seawater. Seawater samples were taken during the Antarctic expedition of cruise 79 of the R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” at 21 stations in the Drake Passage, Bransfield Strait, Antarctic Sound, and Weddell and Scotia seas. Increased concentrations of some trace elements, including heavy metals in seawater, were found in some regions of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. According to international environmental legislation, such as the “Dutch sheets,” some cases exceeding the MPC (maximum permissible concentration for short-term exposure) of Cd and Zn were found; concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Se, and Co exceeded their target value (TV) at several stations (control levels for chronic exposure). Analysis of vertical distribution of trace elements and heavy metals in the water column showed that concentrations of Zn, Pb, Sb, Mo, Cd, V, and Ni in the surface layer of the deep-water station in the Powell Basin were higher than in the water near the Antarctic Peninsula. The content of elements such as Fe, Co, and Cu in the surface–water layer at these stations was almost the same, and the Se concentration was five times higher in the surface waters of the coastal station in the Antarctic Sound. The concentration of trace elements and heavy metals in the water column of the Antarctic Sound coastal area was higher than in the deep-water part of the Weddell Sea. This is likely caused by erosion of elements of tectonic origin from the mainland as a result of ice cover melting. As for the 90Sr and 137Cs radioisotopes, the waters of the Southern Ocean belong to the cleanest areas of the World Ocean. Further study of the sources of trace elements and the features of their distribution in the seawaters of the Atlantic part of Antarctica is necessary to explain the ongoing processes and to ensure rational environmental management and environmentally sound conservancy in the Antarctic region.

Исследовано содержание техногенного радионуклида 137Cs в разных группах соленых озер Крымского п-ова. Установлено, что одним из основных источников поступления в них 137Cs является Северо-Крымский канал, который до 2014 г. приносил в Крым днепровскую воду с высоким содержанием радионуклидов чернобыльского происхождения. Другой источник поступления 137Cs – воды Черного моря за счет их дренажной и прямой связи с прибрежными солеными озерами Крыма, в которых наблюдалась положительная корреляция между концентрацией 137Cs и соленостью воды.

In September 2019, Doctor of Biological Sciences Alexander Viktorovich Trapeznikov was awarded a medal named after academician E. N. Avrorin for the series of works “Technogenic radionuclides transfer and distribution in rivers, lakes, and an artificial reservoir of the Ural-Siberian region exposed to nuclear enterprises”. We congratulate A. V. Trapeznikov on the high award and wish him new scientific achievements and success in his multifaceted activities.

Работа посвящена изучению характеристик седиментационного самоочищения вод Севастопольской бухты от радиоактивных и консервативных химических загрязняющих веществ. На примере распределения 90Sr, 137Cs, 239,240Pu, 210Po, Hg, ΣПХБ5 и ΣДДТ в поверхностном слое донных осадков в различных акваториях бухты показано, что характеризуемая коэффициентом накопления концентрирующая способность живого и косного вещества в отношении контаминантов является одним из значимых факторов реализации биогеохимического механизма самоочищения вод. Воздействие седиментационных процессов направлено на поддержание радионуклидного и химического гомеостаза морских экосистем по принципу Ле Шателье — Брауна. Установлено, что в современных условиях приоритетными загрязнителями воды и донных отложений Севастопольской бухты являются Hg, ΣПХБ5 и ΣДДТ.

Evaluation of radio-chemoecological state of the Kazachja Bay in respect of certain pollutants was carried out. The levels of radioactive and chemical contamination of the ecosystem components of the Kasachja Bay by metals: chemical toxicant mercury and the radioactive isotopes: anthropogenic (90Sr and 238,239,240 Pu) and natural (210Po ) were identified and analyzed. The dose commitments generated by natural and artificial radionuclides to indicator species of hydrobionts were calculated. The Polikarpov’s Conceptual radiochemoecological model of zonality was used to estimate of the ecological effects of radioactive pollutants in biotic components of the ecosystem of this bay. Radio-chemoecological state of the Kasachja Bay did not raise concerns about mercury, the most toxic heavy metals in the marine environment and man-made radionuclides strontium and plutonium. The dominant contribution to the radiation doses to the Black Sea hydrobionts in the Kazachja Bay was made by natural radionuclide 210Po, and the part of the contribution of man-made radionuclides (90Sr and 239,240 Pu) was not more than 0.3 %. The critical links in the ecosystem of the bay with the highest levels of accumulation for each metal have been defined.

The monograph contains results of post-Chernobyl studies of the Black Sea in the fields of radioecology and the inseparably linked radiation ecology and radiochemoecology. Main sources of the data used in this monograph were authors’ own results of measurements of radionuclide concentrations in water, biota and bottom sediments, as well as estimations of radiation effects on aquatic organisms obtained by the IBSS Department of Radiation and Chemical Biology (DRChB) in the Black Sea basin and in the neighboring areas including reservoirs near the Chernobyl NPP and the Aegean Sea. These data were collected in 1986-2006 during 38 marine cruises and in numerous coastal and land expeditions. The studies of DRChB were carried out in the framework of national and international projects headed by NASc. of Ukraine, IAEA, EU and the International Union of Radioecology. During the work, DRChB has performed standardization and intercomparison of radionuclide measurements organized by IAEA Marine Environment Laboratory (Monaco). These intercomparison exercises have involved radiometric laboratories of all the Black Sea countries, Ukrainian Research Hydrometeorological Institute of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources (Kyiv), Joint Institute of Nuclear Researches (Dubna, Russia), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA) and RISO National Laboratory (Denmark). Results of 4300 radionuclide measurements have been included in the DRChB’s database using software PARADOX 3.5, and they were integrated into IAEA database on marine radioactivity GLOMARD. The main scientific concept of the monograph consists in discovery of trends and in research of relationships as well as time scales of radioecological response of the Black Sea ecosystem components to Chernoby] radiation disaster. For marine and fresh-water radioecologists, hydroecologists, biogeochemists, oceanologists, experts on wildlife management of the Black Sea-Azov Sea and the Mediterranean areas, for scientific advisers of administrative agencies in seaside territories, and also for the governmental and international organizations on wildlife management which direct or mediately are connected with use of nuclear energy.

This work is dedicated to the investigation of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs fluxes of discharges to the Black Sea after Chernobyl NPP accident, migration of the radionuclides in the water environment, accumulation by hydrobionts and the dose commitment assessment for marine organisms as well as the prediction of the ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs time-scales of contents decrease in the different components of the Black Sea ecosystem to the pre-Chernobyl NPP accident levels. It was obtained, that ¹³⁷Cs discharge to the Black Sea will exceed 35 years and will be 1740 – 2440 TBq or 1.7–6.6% from practically full amount injected into to the environment from the Chernobyl NPP accident reactor. The prognosis ⁹⁰Sr discharge to the Black Sea will exceed 70 years and will be 305 - 505 TBq for this period or 3.7 - 38.8 % from its quantity injected into the environment after the Chernobyl NPP accident. The ¹³⁷Cs discharge via Bosphorus from the Black Sea will exceed 30 years, ⁹⁰Sr – about 50 years. The radioactive contamination of the Black Sea hydrobionts after the Chernobyl NPP accident was not exceed maximum permissible levels of concentrations, their total dose commitments were in the “Physiological masking zone”and “Radiation well-being zone” limits.