The article analyses the peculiarities of the organizations’ innovation activity on the basis of the results of the Russian, the USA and the European Union intellectual activity in three branches of animal breeding, as agricultural mammals, poultry farming and beekeeping. The so-called ‘under-patenting’ effect is noted for Russia, which affects the organizations’ reporting. In order to compensate, it is proposed to introduce and use parameters in the form of patent and scientific Z backlog (potential, stock, reserve) and high-tech Zht backlog, determined on the basis of patents and the results of R&D, R&D, R&DCTD and presented in dissertations. The authors demonstrate methods for calculating both parameters. Calculations of the innovation efficiency parameter during 2003–2023 for the USA, the European Union and Russia are carried out, considering the application of the newly implemented parameters.

The article discusses promising penetrators with non-removable transparent and removable opaque windows, created mainly from corundum and ice composite, respectively. Their use will expand the scientific research program due to visualization capabilities for video recording of the movement of the penetrator in the subsurface layers of soil and their optical methods of studying, as well as direct contact with them. The calculation method and the calculated values of damage to these windows from the impact of spherical particles of lunar regolith with diameters of 1,0 and 1,5 mm, colliding with them at speeds of up to 1 km/s in the angular range from 70° to 80°, obtained using numerical modeling or based on an engineering model, are discussed.

The article considers four groups of results of intellectual activity of Russia, the USA, the European Union and China in the field of fish farming and fisheries for the period 2003–2022. The first group includes patents found according to the international patent classification for the A01K subclass. The second group is based on high–tech patents selected for the A01K subclass together with the G- physics class. The third group considers the commercialized patents of Russia, selected from the first group. The fourth group includes Russian patents from the first group and dissertations on scientific specialties 05.18.17 «Industrial fisheries», 06.04.01 «Fisheries and aquaculture». The analysis of these four groups is carried out, the features of innovative activity of organizations are identified, and the forecast of its development is made.

The article discusses the principle of operation and the main components of jet-drop optical measuring systems (JDOMS) based on the pendant drop method for monitoring electric field strength (EFS), magnetic field (MFS) and gravitational field (GFS). To make a pendant drop sensitive to electric or magnetic fields, it is proposed to charge it electrostatically or to create it from a magnetic fluid, and its mass allows you to feel changes in the gravitational field. The use of magnetic fluids as the basis of a pendant drop is the most multifunctional for measurements of EFS, MFS and GFS. The implementation of the zero measurement method using a pendant drop as a comparison device, a null organ that perceives the difference in the effects of the measured and reference field(s) at the level of quasi-zero three-coordinate displacements, is considered. They are measured by high-precision optical measurement methods. Different variants of modern optical measurement systems are analyzed.

The paper presents proposals to create a lunar radio-optical navigation beacon based on the light-emitting diodes with the selenodesic reference points. Introduction of the semiconductor emitters in the infrared (0.85 microns) and ultraviolet (0.24 microns) ranges makes it possible to improve reliability in the beacon signal reception and take the measurements both in the day and nighttime intervals. As a device in creating such beacons, the paper proposes to use a two-component penetrator equipped with a thermoelectric generator to convert thermal energy into the electrical energy due to the temperature gradient in the lunar regolith and a heat pipe connecting the penetrator bow and the tail parts to ensure higher heat transfer. Technology to create such a beacon system for long-term operations under the lunar environment is analyzed.

The article discusses acousto-optical laser displacement interferometers with frequency adapting of blocks. In the optical design, three spatially combined different-frequency optical flows are formed, illuminating the photodetector, realizing double heterodyning. Two of them are created as a result of diffraction in an acousto-optical modulator of radiation from the first stabilized laser, and the third is an amplitude-modulated optical flow of a semiconductor laser with a modulation frequency near to the difference frequency of the first two optical flows. The mode of operation with auto-tuning frequency of a semiconductor laser is discussed to reduce the difference frequency between three optical flows for photoconversion with low photodetector noise and subpicometric resolution.

В статье рассмотрена физико-математическая модель динамики посадки посадочного модуля космического аппарата «ЭкзоМарс-2022». Определены основные параметры и условия посадки посадочного модуля «ЭкзоМарс-2022» на поверхность Марса. Приведены результаты бросковых испытаний натурного габаритно-массового макета посадочного модуля «ЭкзоМарс-2022». Проведён сравнительный анализ результатов математического моделирования и результатов бросковых испытаний. Выявлено, что проведённые по верификации работы позволяют использовать применяемую математическую модель для расчётов посадки аппарата на поверхность Марса методом Монте – Карло The article considers a physicomathematical model of the landing dynamics of ExoMars-2022 landing module. The main Mars surface landing parameters and conditions are specified for the ExoMars-2022 lander. The drop test results of full-scale mass-dimension mockup of the ExoMars-2022 lander are presented. A comparative analysis of mathematical simulation results and the drop test results is performed. It is revealed that the performed verification enables implementing of the applied mathematical model for calculation of the spacecraft Mars landing by the Monte Carlo method

The article discusses an acousto-optical (AO) heterodyne laser displacement interferometer (LDI) with two different-frequency photodetectors: highfrequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) low-noise, working with «fast inaccurate» and «slow accurate» measuring channels, respectively. The mode of operation of AO LDI at start-stop cyclic motions of objects is described, which provides high resolution at the initial and final stages of motions with low speeds of motion. A metrological analysis of the «slow accurate» channel is carried out taking into account the noise frequency characteristics of photodetectors with the formation of its so-called «optimistic» and «pessimistic» variants. Based on the metrological analysis carried out, the frequency ranges of the signal are determined, which allow achieving the resolution of AO LDI subpicometric values at low speeds.

The article discusses the features of the implementation of highly sensitive single-coordinate measurements of electric field strength (EFS) by using of jet-drop optical measuring systems (JDOMS). The use of moving monodisperse charged droplets of a jet-drop coherent flow, which acquire a displacement depending on the directions of movement, the level of the EFS and of the droplet charge, is discussed. The issues of implementation of stroboscopic interference measurements of droplet displacements under impulsed illumination of their surfaces, used as curved reflectors, are considered in JDOMS. It is shown that measuring the displacements of the reflected oh drop of the laser beam makes it possible to determine the displacements of the reflecting drop and the value of the EFS at the selected coordinate, respectively. The features of the use of liquids with pigments and additives in the form of nanopowders of highly reflective metals, liquid metals (or their alloys) with a low melting point are considered in the JDOMS.

The paper considers the main criteria that determine the design features and features of the multivariance of the designs of inertial penetrators (IP) for various scientific missions. The design features of a promising IP with separable head and tail parts in the process of shock penetration are considered and ways to improve its characteristics are proposed.

In this part of the article, the discussion of the construction of jet-drop optical measuring systems (JDOMS) for monitoring the electric field strength continues. The possibilities of increasing the resolution are considered. A variant of the interference JDOMS using triangulation stroboscopic measurements of displacements of charged moving droplets using a pulsed acousto-optic interferometer of transverse displacements of a laser beam is presented. The possibilities of increasing the charge/mass ratio of charged droplets, the features of using liquid metals and their two- and three-component alloys as liquids, the use of inhomogeneous droplets in the form of hollow, hollow microspheres similar to soap bubbles and/or based on a porous (dispersed) material are discussed.

The article discusses the development of the circuitry of acousto-optic (AO) laser displacement interferometers (LDI) and the values of resolution and speed of controlled displacements achieved by them. The issues of frequency matching of blocks of AO LDI are discussed: AO modulator, photodetector device (FDD) and frequency generator. The features of phototransformation of the FDD under its illumination by three spatially combined optical streams are studied. Of these, two streams are of different frequencies, created as a result of diffraction in the AO modulator and are used to measure the phase shift from the controlled displacements of the object in the AO LDI. The third optical stream is amplitude-modulated with a frequency close to the difference frequency of the first two optical streams. This technique leads to a twofold transfer (double heterodination) of the phase shift from the offsets to the electrical signal of the difference frequency between the three optical streams. The schemes of AO LDI with a constant value of the frequency of the amplitude-modulated optical flow and with its auto-tuning are considered. The features of the use of cooled FDD in AO LDI are discussed.

The article discusses the features of the occurrence of an inertial explosion (IE) in the problems of high-speed impacts on a solid barrier of two types of impactors: metal penetrators into the studied celestial body for space contact scientific research and meteor-technogenic particles into the elements of spacecraft. The features of IE, the conditions of its occurrence and the results of theoretical and experimental studies are analyzed. The ratio of the calculated impact velocity, leading to the appearance of willows, to the speed of sound in different metals tending to a certain average value is discussed. The influence of contact and thermoelectric phenomena and the temperature of the impactor on the occurrence of IE, as well as its dependence on the cross-sectional area of the impactor, is discussed. The ways of preventing the occurrence of IE are considered.

The article discusses the issues of improving acousto-optical (AO) heterodyne laser displacement interferometers (LDI) by using two independent multi-frequency photodetectors: high- frequency (HF) and low-frequency (LF) low-noise, working with "fast inaccurate" and "slow accurate" measuring channels, respectively. The "fast inaccurate" channel allows you to measure displacements with high velocity peed movements. The scheme of the "slow accurate" channel is based on the joint operation of a phase-locked frequency system and a small-range phase meter, providing high resolution for low velocity. Such a scheme of AO LDI most fully implements its capabilities in the control of start-stop cyclic movements of objects, providing high resolution at the initial and final stages of movements with low velocity. A metrological analysis of the "slow accurate" channel is carried out, the possibilities and conditions for achieving AO LDI at low velocity of subpicometer resolution are shown.

The article discusses the features of using a feedback sensor based on an acousto-optical (AO) laser measuring system (LMS) for high-precision control of transverse displacements of the laser beam in hybrid 3D scanning adaptive fiber-optic measuring heads. Scanning circular movements of a laser beam with a frequency of 1, 5, 10 kHz, formed by a miniature fiber-optic piezoscanner, are considered. Two working sections are created from the circular trajectory formed by a moving laser beam, which are its orthogonal projections, and the current position of the optical spot of each of them is measured in AO LMS. The frequency and accuracy parameters of the AO LMS for traveling ultrasonic waves excited in the AO modulator used as a measure (ruler) are analyzed. The dependences on the length of the ultrasonic waves of the Doppler frequency range, the signal-to-noise ratio of the photodetector, the phase error and the error of transverse displacements, the number of distinguishable angular deviations within 180°, and the spatial resolution are determined and analyzed.

The article discusses the issues of improving strainresistive pressure sensors (PS) for their joint use with modern achievements of fiber optics (FO). The possibilities of implementation and features of FO pyrometric compensation of the temperature error of semiconductor and resistive strain-resistor, optical and/or electrical heating of the strain gage for selfcalibration of the pyrometer, power supply by optical radiation transmitted through a light guide with galvanic isolation of the PS circuit, increased noise reduction and fire and explosion safety are considered. Noise properties of semiconductor and resistive strainresistor are also considered.

The article discusses the features of the inertial explosion of metal products and the prevention of its occurrence during its impact introduction of a metal penetrator into the ground of celestial bodies. The possibility of an inertial explosion in metal penetrators is determined when calculating the critical overload of the Gcr that exceeds a certain threshold value for each metal. These values are determined for a number of alloys and high-purity metals widely used in rocket and space technology for Earth and space temperatures. The features of reducing the critical overload threshold of the Gcr for space conditions at cryogenic temperatures and ways to prevent an inertial explosion are discussed

The article deals with the construction of measuring circuits of pressure sensors based on a strain gauge included in the resistive divider scheme as a phase interpolator, and a phase-locked frequency (PLL) system and a small-range phase meter. The possibility of its use for the implementation of the phase-to-digital conversion of the phase shift F from the change in the resistance of the strain gage ΔR under the action of pressure ΔP to the output digital signal ΔN is considered. A metrological analysis of the measuring circuit is carried out, taking into account the noise level in the signal and the possibility of its suppression using the PLL system. The issues of measuring the temperature of a strain gauge with a fiber-optic pyrometer and calibrating it by heating the strain gauge with an electrical signal or optical radiation are discussed.

The article discusses the noise, dynamic and accuracy parameters of acousto-optical (AO) laser measuring systems (LMS) for high-precision control of three-coordinate (3D) displacements of products. It is shown that now when using modern high-speed low-noise photodetectors makes it possible to achieve the resolution of AO LMS without special technical techniques for longitudinal Δlx and transverse Δly , Δlz displacements, respectively, where λ and Λaom are the wavelength of light and sound in the AO modulator. The features of using PLL systems in AO LMS are discussed. The possibilities of increasing the resolution when measuring displacements using two photodetectors for one input optical signal: high-speed and low-noise, as well as by controlling the bandwidth of the PLL system are considered.

The article discusses the principles and possibilities of using jet-drop optical measuring systems for monitoring the electric field strength (EFS). Two applied techniques are considered. First, the deflection of flying charged droplets (balls, hollow granules) used as micro-objects sensitive to EFS and deviating from a given rectilinear trajectory of motion, like an electron in a kinescope. Secondly, stroboscopic determination of the position and/or displacement of drops by pulsed illumination of the side of the deflected drop by the optical flow and measurement of the reflection angle for it. The possibilities of implementing the differential method of EFS measurements are discussed. The features of the use of liquids with the addition of metal nanopowders or based on liquid metals, as well as hollow droplets in the form of microspheres or hollow granules are considered