Диабетическая ретинопатия (ДР) может вызвать зрительный дефицит, с которым у пациентов снижается качество жизни, уход за собой, увеличивает риск смертности. Также при ДР изменяются лабораторно-инструментальные показатели: параметры антиоксидантной системы, содержание белка, печёночных ферментов, витаминов. Однако изучение зрительного дефицита и лабораторно-инструментальных изменений у пациентов старческого возраста анализируется редко, поэтому изучение данных показателей остаётся актуальным. Цель исследования – изучение зрительного дефицита и лабораторно-инструментальных изменений у пациентов старческого возраста с диабетической ретинопатией. При проведении настоящего исследования выполнено офтальмологическое и лабораторно-инструментальное обследование 284 пациентов с ДР. Выявление ДР включало применение: оптической когерентной томографии с функцией ангиографии, исследование глазного дна, определение остроты зрения без коррекции, периметрию, определение максимальной корригированной остроты зрения, определение полей зрения. Всем пациентам проводилось также определение лабораторных показателей антиоксидантного статуса, содержание белка, печёночных ферментов, витаминов. Среди параметров, характеризующих зрительный дефицит у пациентов старческого возраста с наличием ДР, при комплексном офтальмологическом обследовании диагностировано репрезентативное снижение всех изученных показателей центрального зрения. При оценке зрительного дефицита на основе параметров периферического зрения пациентов старческого возраста с ДР и без нее установлено статистически достоверное снижение суммы полей зрения по изученным восьми меридианам в клинических группах. При сравнении показателей местной артериальной гемодинамики в рассмотренных выше артериях у пациентов старческого возраста выявлены статистически значимые различия в величинах максимальной систолической и конечной диастолической скорости во всех исследованных сосудах. Уровень общего белка в крови больных 75-89 лет с ДР статистически значимо снизился в сравнении с возрастным контролем также как и удельный вес альбуминов. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о влиянии ДР на зрительную функцию обследованных пациентов, изменяя различные параметры остроты зрения и способствуют формированию существенного зрительного дефицита, обуславливая снижение функциональной активности вследствие изменения тяжести дефицитарного состояния Diabetic retinopathy can complicate visual deficits, with which patients' quality of life decreases, self-care increases the risk of mortality. Also, in diabetic retinopathy, laboratory and instrumental parameters change: parameters of the antioxidant system, protein content, liver enzymes, vitamins. However, the study of visual deficits and laboratory-instrumental changes in elderly patients is rarely analyzed, so the study of these indicators remains relevant. The aim of the study was to study visual deficits and laboratory and instrumental changes in elderly patients with diabetic retinopathy. During the present study, ophthalmological and laboratory-instrumental examination of 284 patients with DR was performed. The identification of DR included the use of: optical coherence tomography with angiography function, fundus examination, determination of visual acuity without correction, perimetry, determination of maximum corrected visual acuity, determination of visual fields. All patients were also assessed for laboratory indicators of antioxidant status, protein content, liver enzymes, vitamins. Among the parameters characterizing the visual deficit in elderly patients with the presence of DR, a representative decrease in all the studied indicators of central vision was diagnosed during a comprehensive ophthalmological examination. When assessing visual deficits based on the parameters of peripheral vision of elderly patients with and without DR, a statistically significant decrease in the sum of the fields of vision for the studied eight meridians in clinical groups was found. When comparing the indicators of local arterial hemodynamics in the arteries considered above in elderly patients, statistically significant differences in the values of the maximum systolic and final diastolic velocity in all the vessels studied were revealed. The level of total protein in the blood of patients aged 75-89 with DR decreased statistically significantly in comparison with the age control, as well as the specific weight of albumins. The results obtained indicate the influence of DR on the visual function of the examined patients, changing various parameters of visual acuity and contribute to the formation of a significant visual deficit, causing a decrease in functional activity due to changes in the severity of the deficit condition

An attempt to outline the contours of a new research field within the framework of the history of Russian journalism - the history of entrepreneurial journalism of the mid second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries is presented. The publicistic work of Russian entrepreneurs of this time is interpreted by the authors as the forerunner of modern business journalism. It is shown that the key role in its constitution was played by the Great Reforms of the 1860s - 1870s, during which entrepreneurship became a collective actor in the emerging public (media) space and showed the ability to express and defend its interests, including through the printed word. It is noted that even then an array of nonprofessional entrepreneurial publications of various genres began to take shape, which subsequently evolved into an independent branch of journalistic creativity. It is pointed out that entrepreneurs-publicists remained primarily practitioners, people of action, which determined the special pragmatism of their texts, closely related to the "guild" and personal business interests. The authors come to the conclusion that when studying the journalistic creativity of entrepreneurs, not only logical coherence should be taken into account, but also the synchronicity of all forms of the author's verbal creativity and his business activity.

The problem of the periodization of the reign of Emperor Alexander I in the works of Soviet historians is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that even now the question of the periodization of this period causes controversy among scientists. Understanding that any periodization is conditional, which has emerged among modern historians, requires a revision of various approaches to the periodization of history. As part of the study, a review of a wide range of historiographic sources was carried out, which included special studies devoted to the reign of Alexander I, as well as generalizing works and textbooks that characterize this period of Russian history. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in Russian historiography, it is analyzed how researchers solved the issue of the periodization of the Alexander I reign throughout the Soviet period. Various approaches to the periodization of Russian history in the first quarter of the 19th century are revealed. Their development has been traced throughout the entire existence of the Soviet state. Particular attention is paid to the contradictions that take place in the approaches to the periodization of the reign of Alexander I, proposed by Soviet historians.

The question of the place of phaleronyms (medals, crosses, orders, etc.) awarded to a person for the suffering he has experienced is considered in the system of official awards of the 20th - 21st centuries. For their designation, the author uses the term lapel pins for suffering . This group includes, first and foremost, wound lapel pins given during the period of hostilities (for military personnel and, what is much less common, civilians), as well as awards intended for former prisoners of war, prisoners of fascist camps and victims of terrorist acts. The relevance of the study is due to the establishment at the beginning of the XXI century of about 20 new “lapel pins for suffering” and the evolution of attitudes towards individual grief in society and the state, while emphasizing the possible connection of the second factor with the psychological heritage of the two world wars. The main source of research material is a historical review by M.V. Tsarenko. Turning to other sources is clarifying and complementary. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the classification of "lapel pins for suffering" and understanding of their special place in the award system. It is shown that the considered lapel pins are awarded to a person precisely for suffering, that is, they cannot be characterized as a specific form of reward for merit in the traditional sense.

The article deals with the complicated system consisted of various aspects of the interactive training which help online operators to reveal and define ways of relation`s development between huge sort of electronic data during the interactive training. For instance, they are training, testing, adjustment of tasks, etc. The electronic content is formed in the automated system of the interactive training realized as a part of digital educational sphere. This system is constructed in order to increase the professional skills of the specialists.