Nanoscale iron films of different thicknesses and at different spatial scales were studied using two alternative methods: atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy. It was revealed that the surface morphology and fractal dimension depend not only on the film thickness but also on the deposition conditions and subsequent digital processing. It was concluded that the surface has a highly developed relief, which corresponds to high values of the fractal dimension. A hypothesis was put forward that the presence of iron oxides on the surface of the studied samples significantly affects their morphology, contributing to the formation of a complex and highly developed relief. These oxides lead to the formation of some structural inhomogeneities, which lead to the observation of agglomerates in a fairly wide range of fractal dimension values (from 2,49 to 2,94) on the film surface, i.e. oxides contribute to the aggregation of particles, creating a more complex surface structure. In addition, a method of separating agglomerates allowed us to record an increase in the value of the fractal dimension, which indicates the efficiency of separating and studying individual complex surface objects. Thus, for nanosized iron films, it becomes important to take into account the effects of oxidation and agglomeration of surface elements when analyzing them and choosing a method for obtaining them to identify structures with a certain value of the fractal dimension.

The surface morphology of nanosized copper and nickel films on mica has been studied on a scanning tunneling microscope. The height parameters and fractal dimension of the copper and nickel films of different thicknesses have been determined. Characteristic sizes of structural agglomerates for the copper and nickel films as functions of their thickness are reported. The choice of film thickness and synthesis conditions makes it possible to formulate recommendations for the development of technology for growing structures with a specified surface morphology.

Some patterns of formation of the fractal relief of nanosized molybdenum films on the mica surface are considered using the atomic force microscopy. The tools and techniques for post-processing and analyzing 2D images acquired through this specific research methodology have been thoroughly investigated. The significance of the contributions of errors and uncertainties to the final outcome of the acquired data is discussed. Additionally, a threshold detection method was applied to analyze the fractal dimension, allowing for the identification of areas of interest and exclusion of noise components, as well as regions not having scientific significance. The fractal dimension of the obtained agglomerates was determined at various scales, ranging from 0,5 to 3 mu m. The next value D-c = 2,19 and D-c = 2,45 were obtained for the original images; D-c = 2,13 and D-c = 2,45, respectively, for the images processed using the threshold detection method. The obtained data provide prospects for further research and development of novel methods for synthesizing materials with specific properties.

Рассмотрены закономерности формирования фрактального рельефа наноразмерных пленок железа на поверхности слюды с использованием атомносиловой микроскопии. С целью не допустить образования оксидного слоя, пленки железа исследовались непосредственно после их получения на установке магнетронного напыления. Установлено, что магнетронное напыление позволяет получать островковые пленки железа, структурным элементом которых являются усеченные нанокубы - нанопирамиды. Определена фрактальная размерность полученных агломератов на различных масштабах: на масштабе 5 мкм D = 2,462±0,113; на масштабе 3 мкм D = 2,373±0,122; на масштабе 1 мкм D = 2,298±0,139. Проведена оценка распределения вероятности обнаружения агломератов на исследуемых пленках с определенной фрактальной размерностью поверхности пленок железа. Последующий элементный анализ пленок железа показал наличие кислорода, а следовательно формирование упорядоченных оксидных пленок типа ядро-оболочка. The patterns of formation of the fractal relief of nanosized iron films on the mica surface are considered using the atomic force microscopy. In order to prevent the formation of an oxide layer, iron films were studied immediately after their production employing at a magnetron sputtering unit. It has been established that magnetron sputtering makes it possible to obtain island films of iron, the structural element of which are truncated nanocubes - nanopyramids. The fractal dimension of the resulting agglomerates was determined at various scales: on a scale of 5 µm D = 2,462±0,113; on a scale of 3 µm D = 2,373±0,122; on a scale of 1 µm D = 2,298±0,139. The distribution of the probability of detecting agglomerates on the films under study with a certain fractal dimension of the surface of iron films is estimated. The subsequent elemental analysis of the iron films showed the presence of oxygen and, consequently, the formation of ordered oxide films of the core-shell type.

В данной работе с использованием различных программных продуктов Gwyddion, Mountains 9 DigitalSurf, Image Analysis P9, а также собственной разработки FractalSurface проанализированы возможности расчёта фрактальной размерности для различных типов данных с помощью нескольких методов подсчёта (метод подсчёта кубов, метод триангуляции, метод вариации, метод спектра мощности, метод «скейлинг» анализа, метод морфологических огибающих) и возможности по работе с полученными значениями, такими, как: выделение линейного участка графика для пересчёта итогового значения размерности, применение матричных конволюционных фильтров с различными ядрами свёртки для обработки изображений и пакетный анализ исследуемых изображений. На текущий момент времени нет программного продукта, который бы удовлетворял всем требованиям проведения анализа изображений на наличие самоаффинных структур, однако наличие достаточного функционала в основном зависит от типа исследования. Проведённый сравнительный анализ получаемых результатов позволяет оценить возможности программного продукта для дальнейшего использования в качестве инструментов для: автоматизации процесса определения фрактальной размерности, первичной обработки изображений. In this paper, using various software products (Gwyddion, Mountains 9 DigitalSurf, Image Analysis P9) as well as our own program FractalSurface, we analyzed the possibilities of calculating the fractal dimension for various types of data using several numerical methods (cube counting method, triangulation method, variation method, as well as methods of the spectrum power, «scaling» analysis, morphological envelopes) and the possibilities for their working with the obtained values, such as: selecting a linear section of the graph for recalculating the final value of dimension, using matrix convolutional filters with different convolution kernels for image processing and of the batch analysis of the studied images. At the current time, there is no software product that would satisfy all the requirements for image analysis for the presence of self-affine structures, however, the availability of sufficient functionality mainly depends on the type of study. The comparative analysis of the obtained results allows us to evaluate the capabilities of the software product for further use as tools for automating the process of determining the fractal dimension and of the primary image processing.

В работе исследуется морфология рельефа наноразмерных пленок платины на поверхности слюды с помощью сканирующего зондового (в режиме атомного-силового) и туннельного микроскопов. Пленки платины исследовались непосредственно после их получения на установке магнетронного напыления, а также после отжига в муфельной печи в воздушной атмосфере. Отжиг позволял установить возможные диапазоны изменения фрактальной размерности и высотных параметров, соответствующие деградации нанорельефа. Получены значения фрактальной размерности для пленок разной толщины при двух альтернативных методах исследования на разных исходных масштабах образцов: на основе данных атомносилового микроскопа - D̅=2,17÷2,38 и сканирующего туннельного микроскопа - D̅=2,28÷2,50 в зависимости от последовательности напыления слоев и отжига пленок. Выбор последовательности операций магнетронного напыления и отжига и внешних условий позволяют формулировать рекомендации по развитию технологии «выращивания» структур с заданной морфологией поверхности. The morphology of the relief of nanosized platinum films on the mica surface is investigated using the scanning probe (in the atomic force mode) and tunneling microscopy. Platinum films were investigated immediately after their preparation in a magnetron sputtering facility, as well as after annealing in a muffle furnace in an air atmosphere. Annealing made it possible to establish the possible ranges of variation of the fractal dimension and the altitude parameters corresponding to degradation of the nanorelief. The values of the fractal dimension were obtained for films of different thicknesses using two alternative methods of investigation at different initial scales of samples: based on the data of an atomic force microscope - D̅ = 2,17÷2,38 and a scanning tunneling microscope - D̅ = 2,28÷2,50 depending on the sequence of deposition of layers and annealing of films. For comparison, experimental data of other authors are presented. The choice of the sequence of operations for magnetron sputtering and annealing, and external conditions makes it possible to formulate recommendations for development of the technology for «growing» structures with a given surface morphology.

The morphology of the relief of nanosized titanium films on the mica surface was studied using a scanning probe microscope at various scales. The characteristic features of the nanorelief of the surface of the investigated films, including fractal properties, are described. The obtained data on the fractal dimension are compared with the available experimental data, as well as the data obtained using scanning tunneling microscopy. Recommendations for the development of technology for «growing» structures with a given surface morphology are proposed.

Методом атомно-силовой микроскопии получены изображения наноструктры составляющих гетерогенного интерметаллида SmCoCuFeZr в высококоэрцитивном состоянии. На микроуровне в сплавах выделили два типа областей (фазовых составляющих) отличающихся по интегральному элементному составу и интервалам коэрцитивности. На основе данных атомно-силового микроскопа проводится анализ фрактальных характеристик поверхности этих областей. Показано, что фрактальная размерность наноструктуры коррелирует с локальной коэрцитивностью фазовых составляющих. Фазовая составляющая с относительно низкой коэрцитивностью демонстрирует возможность существования структур с фрактальной размерностью в диапазоне 2,396 - 2,475, что соответствует умеренно развитому фрактальному рельефу. При этом высококоэрцитивная составляющая с регулярной наноструктурой характеризуется более высокой фрактальной размерностью 2,452 - 2,508, а на отдельных участках образца встречались области с фрактальной размерностью до 2,577 . The atomic force microscopy was used to obtain images of the nanostructure of components of a heterogeneous intermetallic SmCoCuFeZr compound in a highly coercive state. At the microlevel, two types of regions were distinguished in the alloys, differing in integral elemental composition and coercivity intervals. Based on the atomic force microscopy data, an analysis of the fractal characteristics of the surface is carried out on both of the above types of areas. It is shown that the fractal dimension of the nanostructure correlates with the local coercivity of the phase components. The phase component with a relatively low coercivity demonstrates the possibility of the existence of structures with fractal dimensions in the 2,396 - 2,475 range corresponding to a moderately developed fractal relief. In this case, the high-coercive component with a regular nanostructure is characterized by a higher fractal dimension of 2,452 - 2,508, and in some areas of the sample there were regions with a fractal dimension up to the value of 2,577.

В данной работе методом молекулярной динамики с использованием потенциала сильной связи проведено моделирование процесса молекулярно-лучевой эпитаксии с целью определения закономерностей при формировании фрактальных металлических пленок платины на поверхности родия. Установлена возможность формирования фрактальных структур как в островковых пленках платины на поверхности родия, так и в сплошной пленке. Установлены параметры компьютерного эксперимента, определяющие переход от отдельных островковых пленок к сплошной пленке в указанной системе. С использованием различных программных продуктов Gwyddion и Image Analysis, а также собственной разработки FractalSurface проанализирован диапазон изменения фрактальной размерности при различных условиях молекулярно-динамического эксперимента методом подсчета кубов. Полученные значения фрактальной размерности в целом находятся в приемлемом согласии между собой, однако существует ряд исключений, которые обсуждаются более подробно. Сравнительный анализ получаемых результатов позволяет формулировать рекомендации для методики создания, корректировки и прецизионного контроля при «выращивании» структур с заданной морфологией поверхности. In this work, the molecular dynamics method and the tight-binding potential are used to simulate the process of molecular beam epitaxy in order to determine the regularities in the formation of fractal platinum metal films on the rhodium surface. The possibility of formation of fractal structures both in island platinum films on the rhodium surface and in a continuous film has been established. The parameters of the computer experiment, which determine the transition from individual island films to a continuous film in the indicated system, have been established. Using various software products Gwyddion and Image Analysis, as well as our own software FractalSurface, the range of changes in the fractal dimension has been analyzed under various conditions of a molecular dynamics experiment by the method of cube counting. The obtained values of the fractal dimension are generally in acceptable agreement with each other; however, there is a number of exceptions, which are discussed in more detail. A comparative analysis of the results obtained allows one to formulate recommendations for the methodology for creating, adjusting and precision control when «growing» structures with a given surface morphology.

The obtaining of track membranes is one of the applications of radiation technologies. Porous structure of such membranes could be changed by will and could be used for matrix synthesis. Matrix synthesis based on specially prepared porous matrixes was used in this work for obtaining of nanowires of Iron and Nickel. Magnetic –force microscopy was applied for fro visualization of these nanowires embedded in host matrix. The dependence of magnetic-force images of nanowires position inside matrix and on orientation of external magnetic field was investigated.

В данной работе методом молекулярной динамики с использованием потенциала сильной связи проведено моделирование процесса молекулярно-лучевой эпитаксии с целью определения закономерностей при формировании фрактальных металлических пленок на твердой поверхности. В качестве подложки использовалась медь, пленка формировалась из атомов золота. Показана возможность формирования фрактальных структур в островковой пленке золота на поверхности меди. Различными аналитическими методами с использованием программного продукта Gwyddion проанализирован диапазон изменения фрактальной размерности при различных условиях молекулярно-динамического эксперимента. In this work, molecular dynamics method and the tight binding potential was used to simulate the process of the molecular beam epitaxy in order to determine regularities in the formation of fractal metal films on a solid surface. Copper was used as a substrate, the film was formed from gold atoms. The possibility of formation of fractal structures in an island gold film on the copper surface is shown. Various analytical methods using the Gwyddion software product have used to analyze a range of changes in the fractal dimension under different conditions of molecular dynamics experiment.

The results of the micro- and nanostructures investigation of Sm(CoCuFe) 5 alloys by means of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy are presented. It was shown that sequential high- and low-temperature heat treatments lead to the formation of a homogeneous microstructure with nanoscale compositional heterogeneities. Such a structure provides a coercive filed of up to 32 kOe. The coercivity and remanent magnetization of the samples in the temperature range from 300 to 700 K linearly decrease. The predominant coercivity mechanism in these materials is pinning on nanoscale inhomogeneities with an increased copper concentration. The fractal dimension of the surface of the Sm(CoCuFe) 5 alloy metallographic specimen was determined at different stages of heat treatments. The comparative analysis of magnetic properties and microstructure in the framework of fractal geometry was carried out.

Представлены результаты исследования микро-, нано- и магнитной доменной структуры сплавов Sm(CoCuFe) после выплавки и термических обработок. Показано, что гомогенизация и последующий низкотемпературный отжиг при 400 °С позволяют сформировать микроскопически гомогенную структуру с наноразмерными неоднородностями по составу. Такая структура позволяет реализовать в образцах коэрцитивную силу H до 32 кЭ на литых образцах. Температурные зависимости коэрцитивной силы и остаточной намагниченности образцов в диапазоне от 300 до 700 К имеют линейно убывающий характер. Показано, что наноструктуре сплава с наибольшей H соответствует фрактальная размерность D- ~ 2,3. The results on the micro- and nanostructures and on the magnetic domain structure of Sm(CoCuFe) compound are presented. It was shown that the sequential high- and low-temperature heat treatments lead to formation of a homogeneous microstructure with some nanoscale compositional heterogeneities. Such a structure provides the coercive field H of up to 32 kOe. The coercivity and remanent magnetization of the samples in the temperature range from 300 to 700 K linearly decrease. It is shown that the nanostructure of the alloy with the highest H corresponds to the fractal dimension D- ~ 2,3.

In this paper the process of the structure formation in the bimetallic nanosystem Au - Ag of the equiatomic type at different external pressures has been investigated. It has been found that the external pressure affects the process of formation of the bcc phase only slightly, as does the size factor as well. At the same time, the ratios between fcc, hcp and icosahedral phases can vary significantly, under influence of both the external pressure and thesize effect.

The morphology of the relief of nanoscale films of nickel and chromium on the surface of the mica was studied using a scanning probe microscope. The characteristic features of nanorelief of the surface of the studied films, including fractal properties, are described. The obtained fractal dimension data are compared with the available experimental data, as well as data obtained using scanning tunneling microscopy. Recommendations on the development of the technology of "growing" structures with a given surface morphology are proposed.

: As an example of studying morphology of the relief of nickel and copper nano-sized films on the mica surface, it is possible to create a technology to «grow» structures with a given surface morphology using a scanning tunneling microscope. The characteristic features of the film surface nanorelief are described, including fractal properties. The current-voltage characteristics of a metal-to-metal contact for nickel and copper films with a tungsten tip are obtained. It is shown that for surface areas containing fractal structures, the current-voltage characteristics may differ from the dependences obtained on ordinary surfaces.