以麦秸与鸡粪为原料,采用批次式中温厌氧发酵方式,探究微量元素Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+对混合厌氧发酵的影响.实验结果表明:Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+最佳浓度分别为210、32、32 mg/L,当Fe2+、Co2+、Ni2+的添加浓度在适宜范围内时,可显著(p<0.05)提高发酵系统产CH4潜力及CODs去除率;当Fe2+浓度为210 mg/L、Co2+浓度为32 mg/L、Ni2+浓度为32 mg/L时,其CH4累积产量分别为322.21、331.19、357.10 mL/(g VS),相比于对照组为245.35 mL/(g VS)显著(p<0.05)提高31.33％、34.99％、45.54％,CODs去除率依次为61.83％、57.01％、63.63％,提高CH4产量的排序为Ni2+>Co2+>Fe2+,Ni2+对CH4累积产量的提高最明显,同时也有最高的CODs去除率,且各实验组pH值均稳定在适宜范围内,厌氧发酵稳定运行,可为麦秸与家禽粪便的沼气工程提供技术参考.

[目的]降低预处理成本、提高秸秆预处理后的酶解效果,模拟自然界低温环境并结合氨水对高粱秸秆进行预处理.[方法]通过单因素试验分别探究氨水低温冻融预处理中浸泡液的液固质量比、冷冻温度、冷冻时长、氨水质量分数对高粱秸秆酶解的影响,采用正交试验对预处理条件进行优化,对预处理前后高粱秸秆的成分采用范式法测定,物理化学结构用红外光谱和X射线衍射分析.[结果]单因素试验中,浸泡液的液固质量比、冷冻温度、冷冻时长和氨水质量分数在不同水平下均显著提高了高粱秸秆酶解还原糖的产量(P<0.05).正交试验最优预处理条件为浸泡液的液固质量比12,冷冻时长12 h,冷冻温度?10℃,氨水质量分数8％.相较于未进行预处理的秸秆,氨水低温冻融处理的秸秆半纤维素含量下降42.42％;木质素含量下降50.76％;秸秆的还原糖产量为302.87 mg·g?1,较未预处理组提高了80.34％;纤维素结晶度提高了57.02％.[结论]氨水低温冻融预处理能有效破坏高粱秸秆木质纤维素间原有的连接结构,溶解半纤维素,木质素的单体和聚合结构被破坏,提高了高粱秸秆的酶解还原糖得率以及纤维素结晶度.

y This work aims to enhance and optimize the methane production by anaerobic co-digestion of soybean straw (SS) and farm wastewater. Thermo oxidation and alkali pretreatments were applied during the present study. The effects of chemical composition were investigated and the influence of thermochemical pretreatment on methane production by SS with wastewater was evaluated by Batch and semi-continuous experiments. All pretreatments were found significant (P < 0.05) to enhance the lignocellulosic degradability and methane yield. The highest methane yield which was recorded by 2% wet NaOH presoaking prior at 4.5% H2O2, 100 degrees C for 30 min pretreatment was 206 ml/g.VS which was 62% higher than the untreated straw during batch experiments. The synergistic effects were demonstrated during the anaerobic co-digestion of soybean straw and farm wastewater and the digestion period was shortened to almost half. In addition, a range of organic loading rate (OLR), (1.5-7.5) g.VS.L-1.d(-1) was applied for the semi-continuous experiments and OLR of (3-6) g.VS.L-1.d(-1) was concluded as the optimum OLR with the highest methane production capability of 194 ml/(g.VS.L.d). (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

为探明不同株行距配置对宽幅播种高产栽培下冬小麦产量形成调控的生理基础,选用高产冬小麦品种泰山28为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为种植密度(150×104、225×104和300×104株·hm-2),副区为播种行距(25、20和15 cm),研究了不同株行距配置下小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响.结果表明,在1 50×104株·hm-2种植密度下,小麦干物质积累量均处于较低水平,产量亦较低;在种植密度225×104株·hm-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×104株·hm-2配置25 cm行距时,小麦干物质积累量和产量均达到较高水平.在种植密度225万株·hm-2和行距20 cm处理下,小麦开花前营养器官贮藏的同化物向籽粒的转运量、开花后光合产物在籽粒中的积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率均显著高于其他处理.泰山28在种植密度225×104株·hm-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×10 4株·hm-2配置25 cm行距下均可实现三者的协调,获得较高的产量.因此,合理的种植密度和行距配置是实现宽幅播种高产栽培小麦高产的重要技术途径.

A split-split plot design was set with 4 densities(52.5,60,67.5 and 75 plants/m2) and 5 N rate levels(0,4.5,9,13.5 and 18 g/m2),using millet varieties of Jigu14 and Bao213 as materials.The effects of different treatments on yield and its relative characters of the 2 varieties were compared.The result showed that the yield of Bao213 was better than that of Jigu14 in each treatment.There was no significant difference exist among different N rate levels on the 2 varieties within the experiment extent,and 9~13.5g/m2 N rate could reach the need for high yield.There was significant difference exist among different densities on the 2 varieties,and high yield could reach at the density of 60~67.5 plants/m2 for Jigu14,while for Bao213,it was around 52.5~60 plants/m2.The spike forming rate of both varieties increased with the density;it also increased with the N rate for Jigu14,but it decreased for Bao213.The yield increased with the harvest spikes,but the range of increase for Jugu14 was higher than that of Bao213.Compared with loose type Jigu14,tight type Bao213 possessed better lodging-resistance ability,and more suits for high density and high N rate level to reach high yield.

The suitable density and fertilizer rate for high yield of millet variety Bao 213 were studied from 2010 to 2011.4 factors orthogonal experimental design was set with the density(22.5,45.0 and 67.5 plants/m2),N application rate(7.5,22.5 and 37.5 g/m2),P2O5 application rate(7.5,22.5 and 37.5 g/m2) and K2O application rate(0.0,7.5 and 15.0 g/m2).The effects of different treatments on the yield and its relative characters were compared.The results showed that the density had significant influence on the yield,plant height,spike rate and relative characters.With the increasing of density,the plant height and yield increased,while the spike rate,spike length and weight of grains per spike decreased.Compared with N and P application rate,the yield increased significantly with the increasing of K level.When the density,N application rate,P2O5 application rate,and K2O application rate was 67.5 plants/m2,22.5 g/m2,7.5 g/m2,and 15.0 g/m2,respectively,the yield was higher.The density and fertilizer rate had no significant effects on the growth period,milled millet percentage and 1 000 grain weight.