The spectra of sea reflectance coefficients, measured remotely from a ship in the region of the Urals oil spill, in the form of emulsion and individual films, have been analyzed. The pollution was detected in the Bering Sea near Cape Navarin on August 4, 2013, during the voyage of the Professor Khlyustin training ship. In situ flow-through fluorometric measurements of concentrations of the chlorophyll a and colored dissolved organic matter at a depth of 4 m, where the contamination effect was not detected, were used. The regression relations between remote and in situ measurements in clear and oil-polluted waters are analyzed. The preliminary technique is developed for detecting sea surface oil pollution, which is in emulsified form and in the form of small films about 1 m 2 in area, using remote measurements of the seawater reflectance spectra.

Амурский залив испытывает значительную антропогенную нагрузку, поэтому важным является организация многоуровнего мониторинга для осуществления оперативного экологического контроля. Цель данной работы заключается в проведении экспериментальных исследований, ориентированных на решение следующих задач: • определение оценок эффективности спутникового зондирования цвета моря в оптически сложных водах морских акваторий, • проведение подспутниковых подводных экспериментов и определение глубины слоев, значимо влияющих на формирование оптического сигнала, регистрируемого из космоса. Для решения поставленных задач проведено два океанографических разреза, на которых выполнены вертикальные измерения биооптических и гидрологических параметров в морской толще. С этой целью были проанализированы спутниковые изображения радиометров MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra, VIIRS-NPP с применением алгоритмов атмосферной коррекции NIR и MUMM, а также биооптического алгоритма OC-3. Показано, что в водах залива в августе цвет моря формируется в основном в верхнем 10-метровом слое, который подвержен речному стоку и содержит большое количество растворенных и взвешенных веществ. Влияние дна и придонных макроводорослей не должно проявляться на глубинах более 15 метров. Для корректного применения спутниковых данных строго обязательно использование алгоритма MUMM и рекомендуется организация автоматизированной сети подспутниковых наблюдений. The Amursky Bay suffers from the severe anthropogenic impact, so it is important to organize multi-level monitoring for continuous real-time ecological control. This work aimed at performing experimental research focused on solving the following tasks: · estimation of the effectiveness of satellite probing of sea color in optically complex waters of marine aquatic areas, · conducting under-satellite underwater experiments and determination of the depth of layers, significantly influencing on forming optical signals recorded from the space. Solving the stated tasks relies on two oceanographic sections, whereon vertical measurements of bio-optical and hydrological parameters of sea column were performed. In this regard, satellite images of radiometers MODIS-Aqua, MODIS-Terra, VIIRS-NPP with the application of NIR, and MUMM algorithms of atmospheric correction were analyzed. Obtained results demonstrate that in August color of the waters of the Bay is mainly formed in the upper 10 meters layer, which is exposed to rivers run-offs and consists of a large amount of dissolved and suspended matters. The influence of the bottom and macro seaweed should not appear on depths more than 15 meters. For adequate usage of satellite data, it is firmly necessary to use the MUMM algorithm and recommended organizing and automated networks of under-satellite surveys.

The paper studies the possibility of using air temperature and humidity profiles for the determination of pressure in tropical cyclones (TC). The accuracy of air temperature and humidity profile retrieval from AMSU radiometer data is verified using direct radiosonde measurements together with weather station data for the Northwest Pacific. In total, 10 tropical cyclones are analyzed for the period of 2011–2012. The comparison of pressure values inside TC calculated from satellite profiles with weather station data demonstrated good agreement: the linear regression with a slope of 1.014 ± 0.073, a free term of −19 ± 73, and a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.73. TC central pressure values calculated from satellite data were compared with the estimates of the Japan Meteorological Agency exhibiting a satisfactory correspondence with a slope of 1.2. The comparison with the estimates of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (USA) demonstrates worse agreement.

The presence of cryoprecipitation, which forms a thin film on the input windows of infrared (IR) detectors and distorts the signal, is a major issue in calibration of IR channels of the multispectral scanning imager–radiometer (MSU-MR) aboard Meteor-M No. 2. A model of signal attenuation in transmission through such films and a method for calculating this attenuation were developed. Correction functions for the detected signal were obtained. The developed algorithms were used for cross-calibration between the MSU-MR IR channels and the corresponding channels of the advanced very-high-resolution radiometer of MetOp satellites. An algorithm for calculating the sea surface temperature (SST) based on the non-linear SST technology (split-window technology) was developed and verified by comparison with in situ data. The SST calculation error was less than 0.8°C for the entire sample, which satisfies world quality standards. The stability of calibration parameters within an interval of two years was demonstrated.

The results of applying a new method for the automatic calculation of ice drift based on the sequence of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) images are considered. The method is analogous to the cross-correlation method but uses other ways to track template similarity and a new vector rejection criterion. Ice-concentration maps constructed using the ARTIST Sea Ice (ASI) algorithm (University of Bremen) based on data from 89 GHz spectral channels are used as images. While highly accurate at calculating ice drift, the new method has made it possible to reduce the template size, which makes it possible to obtain more detailed drift maps. Even in the case of a template linear size of 50–70 km, the ice-drift calculation accuracy is within 5 cm/s and method informativeness (the proportion of constructed vectors and vectors after rejection) is 60–70%. The method shows higher efficiency if the brightness mismatch is used as a measure of similarity between two templates instead of the correlation coefficient.

Calculation errors in ocean-brightness coefficients in the Far Eastern are analyzed for two atmospheric correction algorithms (NIR and MUMM). The daylight measurements in different water types show that the main error component is systematic and has a simple dependence on the magnitudes of the coefficients. The causes of the error behavior are considered. The most probable explanation for the large errors in ocean-color parameters in the Far East is a high concentration of continental aerosol absorbing light. A comparison between satellite and in situ measurements at AERONET stations in the United States and South Korea has been made. It is shown the errors in these two regions differ by up to 10 times upon close water turbidity and relatively high aerosol optical-depth computation precision in the case of using the NIR correction of the atmospheric effect.

The results are presented of using a new approach that helps to detect and compute the parameters of eddies in the ocean and tropical cyclones in the atmosphere based on satellite imagery. The approach is based on the concept of dominant orientation of thermal contrasts (DOTC). DOTC is an angle of the statistically significant orientation of brightness contrast in the specified vicinity of the image. DOTC highly correlates with the directions of flows; it is a base for construction of models for identification of eddy motions, namely, synoptic eddies in the oceans and tropical cyclones in the atmosphere. The model-based identification of one or another eddy allows estimating such parameters as the center position, shape, size, and sign (cyclone or anticyclone) of the eddy, and the size of the tropical cyclone eye. Based on the proposed approach, technologies of automatic identification and monitoring of oceanic eddies and tropical cyclones are developed. The results of the practical use of these technologies are presented for the recent years.

РоссияВ работе рассматриваются проблемы построения всепогодных композиционных карт температуры поверхности океана (ТПО) по спутниковым данным в инфракрасном и микроволновом диапазонах спектра.Предлагается подход к построению карт ТПО, ориентированных на сохранение термических фронтов.Данный подход использует робастные (медианные) оценки значений температуры по разнородным данным и применение процедур дополнительной статистической фильтрации облачности на исходных изображениях на основе карт пространственной и временной изменчивости значений ТПО.Описывается процедура построения карт пространственной и временной изменчивости.Рассматриваются особенности выбранного подхода, предлагается технология для его реализации.Проводится сравнение точности расчетов композиционных дневных и ночных