进料负荷对餐厨垃圾与水稻秸秆混合厌氧发酵产氢过程有重要影响.以进料负荷为影响因子,设置温度均为55℃的餐厨垃圾与水稻秸秆混合厌氧发酵产氢实验,其中进料负荷(以VS计)分别设置为(A)5kg?m-3?d-1、(B)10kg?m-3?d-1、(C)15kg?m-3?d-1,分析厌氧产氢过程中产气量、产氢速率、pH、VFAs、氨氮、SCOD等参数的变化.实验结果表明:B组发酵底物产气量最大,为8664mL,产氢速率也最大,为748.3mL?h-1,反应过程中pH始终维持在5.5±0.1内,是厌氧产氢的最佳范围.实验结束时,各组VFAs、氨氮浓度分别为7292.46、8248.35、8558.24mg?L-1和544.48、754.31、1458.33mg?L-1.同时各组SCOD浓度变化趋势相似.在研究范围的最佳进料负荷下,进行回流比分别为10%、30%、50%的实验,结果显示30%回流比的产氢量最大,为56039mL,同时运行过程中系统稳定性较好.综上所述,进料负荷为10kg?m-3?d-1,30%回流比的餐厨垃圾与水稻秸秆混合厌氧发酵产氢时,微生物活性较好,能够产生更多的氢气.这一结果可为餐厨垃圾资源化提供参考依据.
以镉污染土种植水稻秸秆为原料,通过500℃不同时间(10~720 min)处理制备秸秆热解产物(生物炭和秸秆灰),测定产物中镉的含量及其溶出性.结果表明,水稻秸秆经热解处理后挥发镉总量的29.6%~48.4%;样品产率随热解时间的增加而下降;单位质量生物炭和秸秆灰中镉含量为2.35~7.05 mg·kg-1和15.0~16.4 mg·kg-1,分别是水稻秸秆中镉含量(0.948 mg·kg-1)的2.5~7.4倍和15.8~17.3倍;通过不同提取剂得到镉溶出率由低到高依次为0%~43.2%(采用0.01 mol·L-1 CaCl2提取)、0%~44.3%(采用Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure提取)、28.8%~58.8%(采用1 mol·L-1 pH 5.0乙酸-乙酸钠单次提取)、35.1%~98.4%(采用1 mol·L-1 pH 5.0乙酸-乙酸钠连续4次提取);随着热处理时间的延长,样品中镉溶出率逐渐降低;由于热解过程中镉的挥发和形态转变,水稻秸秆转变为生物炭和秸秆灰后镉的可溶出总量(采用1 mol·L-1 pH 5.0乙酸-乙酸钠连续4次提取)由0.933 mg·kg-1降至0.223~0.384 mg·kg-1,表明受镉污染的水稻秸秆热解转化为生物炭和秸秆灰可以有效缓解镉潜在的溶出风险.
Food waste is a major issue in the context of pollution, climate change, and the future circular economy. Composting kitchen waste is a promising method to recycle elements, yet the efficiency of composting is limited, calling for new processes that degrade rapidly and thoroughly organic matter. Here, we built a rapid laboratory-scale aerobic composting system, equipped with a water bath fueled with either solar energy, or electricity under low sunlight. We tested compositing with and without energy. Results show that only three days are needed to raise the temperature to over 45 °C by energy composting in winter, leading to notable increases in pH, total nitrogen, and cation exchange capacity after 7 days. Composting materials were thoroughly decomposed and mature in 10 days, displaying pH of 7.5, ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen of 9.9, cation exchange capacity of 65.61 cmol kg−1, and germination index of 80.4%. Overall, energy composting starts biodegradation quickly in 2 days, reduces effectively the inhibition from some waste compounds, decomposes organic substances well, and yields mature compost.
以热处理后的餐厨垃圾和市政污泥为底物,采用高温两相厌氧发酵工艺,在外加热源条件下,研究不同进料负荷(OLR)对两相厌氧产氢、产甲烷系统的产气性能影响.结果表明:随着产氢相OLR的增加,系统平均VS产气率、氢气体积分数、容积产气率呈先升后降的趋势,并在OLR为12.5 g·(L·d)-1时取得最大值,分别为0.19 L·g-1、45.61%和1.86 L·(L·d)-1;当产甲烷相OLR为4.5 g·(L·d)-1时,甲烷体积分数最大,为49.54%,当产甲烷相OLR为5.0 g·(L·d)-1,系统平均VS产气率和最大容积产气率最大,分别为0.71 L·g-1和3.83 L·(L·d)-1,且此时两相系统VS去除率与能量产率最高,分别为65.37%和30.93 kJ·L-1.因此,高温、高含固率餐厨垃圾协同市政污泥厌氧两相产氢产甲烷不仅能同时获得产量与体积分数均较高的氢气与甲烷,而且能够有较高的VS去除率.