Цель исследования – изучить влияние перенесенного COVID-19 на развитие раннего тромбоза коронарных шунтов после хирургической реваскуляризации миокарда у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца.

Aim: Analysis of in-hospital and long-term results of carotid endarterectomy (CEE) in patients with different severity of coronary atherosclerosis.Material and methods: This comparative, retrospective, open study for the period from January 2013 to April 2020 included 1719 patients operated on for occlusive-stenotic lesions of the in-ternal carotid arteries (ICA). Classical and eversion CEA were used as revascularization strategies. The criteria for inclusion in the study were: 1. Presence of coronary angiography within six months before the present CEE; 2. A history of myocardial revascularization in patients with severe coronary lesions. Depending on the severity of coronary atherosclerosis, all patients were divided into 3 groups: Group 1-871 (50.7 %) patients - with the presence of hemodynamically significant stenosis of the coronary arteries (CA) with a history of myocardial revascularization; Group 2-496 (28.8 %) patients - with the presence of hemodynamically insignificant lesions of the coronary artery (up to 70 %, not inclusive, and the trunk of the left coronary artery, up to 50 %, not inclusive); Group 3-352 (20.5 %) patients - without signs of atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery. In group 1, the observation period was symbolscript months, in group symbolscript months, in group symbolscript months.Results: During the hospital observation period, there were no significant intergroup differences in the number of complications. All cardiovascular events were detected in isolated cases. The most common injury was damage to the cranial nerves, diagnosed in every fifth patient in the total sample. The combined endpoint (CET), including death symbolscript myocardial infarction (MI) symbolscript acute cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack (stroke/TIA), was 0.75 % symbolscript In the long-term follow-up period, when comparing survival curves, group 3 revealed the largest number of ischemic strokes (p symbolscript 0.007), myocardial infarction (p symbolscript 0.03), and CCT (p symbolscript 0.005). There were no intergroup differences in the number of deaths symbolscriptConclusion: The results of the study showed that there was no significant intergroup difference in the development of complications at the hospital postoperative stage. However, in the long-term follow-up period, a group of patients with isolated lesions of the ICA demonstrated a rapid in-crease in the number of MI, stroke/TIA, and a combined endpoint, which was apparently asso-ciated with low compliance and progression of atherosclerosis in previously unaffected arteries.

Bullet wounds to the heart on the battlefield are quite rare. The victims usually die in the near future after being in[1]jured. The injuring agent most often pierces through the heart, thereby causing massive bleeding and cardiac arrest. All rare, unique cases when the wounded remained alive are associated either with the loss of kinetic energy of the injuring agent when the defeat occurs at the limit of flight range, or with a «behind the barrier» defeat when a bullet or fragment initially penetrates the «barrier» (armor, vehicle, ricochet from weapons or other solid objects, etc.). Injuries, when a bullet hits the shoulder, ricochets off the bones of the skeleton or spine and hits the heart, are found in isolated cases.In the presented clinical observation, the combatant was wounded in the left shoulder. At the stages of medical evacuation, a chest injury with heart damage and the presence of a foreign body was revealed. Initially, the wound proceeded without hemodynamic disorders, and only 36 hours after the injury, the first symptoms of a violation of the cardiovascular system appeared. As a matter of urgency, the wounded man was transferred by the intensive care team to a specialized cardiac surgery department, where emergency surgery was performed in conditions of artificial circulation. The postoperative period was smooth. The victim is currently receiving rehabilitation treatment. Heart injuries in combat conditions are highly relevant and are an extremely serious problem of the medical service at all stages of evacuation, diagnosis and treatment. The difficulties in diagnosing heart wounds are associated with the lack of the necessary hardware and diagnostic base near the line of contact and the extremely rapid development of the terminal condition. High mortality rates are due to acute cardiac disorders (cardiac tamponade, damage to the coronary arteries, massive bleeding). Subjective signs of cardiac injuries are often absent due to the admission of such a category of patients in an unconscious state. In this clinical case, timely diagnosis at the stages of medical care and interdisciplinary interaction made it possible to urgently refer a victim with a brachiothoracic bullet wound to the stage of specialized care.

Objective: To develop and test an algorithm for no-reflow phenomenon (NRP) prevention during endovascular treatment of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Methods: A prospective single-center randomized study included 100 patients diagnosed with STEMI who underwent coronary artery stenting. Group 1 included 50 patients who were operated using an algorithm for the NRP prevention, while Group 2 included 50 patients who underwent routine transluminal balloon angioplasty and stenting of the coronary arteries. The NRP risk was assessed using the predictive model by Wang JW et al Results: Both groups were comparable in terms of anamnestic and clinical data, biochemical and instrumental examination results. High NRP risk was determined in 36% of Group 1 patients and 40% of Group 2 patients. NRP developed significantly less often in Group 1 patients compared to Group 2 (14% vs. 36%, p=0.01). Worsening of Killip class of acute heart failure was found significantly less common in Group 1 patients compared to Group 2 (2% versus 16%, p=0.03) Conclusion: The proposed algorithm for NRP prevention increased the effectiveness of treatment for STEMI Keywords: ST-elevation myocardial infarction, myocardial revascularization, percutaneous coronary intervention, no-reflow phenomenon.

Aim Analysis of in-hospital and long-term results of carotid endarterectomy in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic stenoses. Materials and methods The sample was formed by completely including all cases of carotid endarterectomy ( n = 65,388) performed during the period from May 1, 2015 to November 1, 2023. Depending on the symptomatic/asymptomatic nature of the stenosis, all patients were divided into two groups: group 1 – n = 39,172 (75.2%) – patients with asymptomatic stenosis; Group 2 – n = 26216 (24.8%) – patients with symptomatic stenosis. The postoperative follow-up period was 53.5 ± 31.4 months. Results In the hospital postoperative period, the groups were comparable in the incidence of death (group 1: n = 164 (0.41%); group 2: n = 124 (0.47%); p = .3), transient ischemic attack (group 1: n = 116 (0.29%); group 2: n = 88 (0.33%); p = .37), myocardial infarction (group 1: n = 32 (0.08%); group 2: n = 19 (0.07%); p = .68), thrombosis of the internal carotid artery (group 1: n = 8 (0.02%); group 2: n = 2 (0.007%); p = 0, 19), bleeding (group 1: n = 58 (0.14%); group 2: n = 33 (0.12%); p = .45). In group 2, ischemic stroke developed statistically more often (group 1: n = 328 (0.83%); group 2: n = 286 (1.09%); p = .001), which led to a higher value of the combined endpoint (group 1: n = 640 (1.63%); group 2: n = 517 (1.97%); p = .001). In the long-term postoperative period, the groups were comparable in cases of death (group 1: n = 65 (0.16%); group 2: n = 41 (0.15%); p = .76) and death from cardiovascular causes (group 1: n = 59 (0.15%); group 2: n = 33 (0.12%); p = .4). A greater number of ischemic strokes were detected in patients of group 2 (group 1: n = 213 (0.54%); group 2: n = 187 (0.71%); p = .006). In group 1, hemodynamically significant restenosis (≥70%) of the internal carotid artery was more often diagnosed (group 1: n = 974 (2.49%); group 2: n = 351 (1.34%); p < .0001) and myocardial infarction (group 1: n = 66 (0.16%); group 2: n = 34 (0.13%); p < .0001). When analyzing stroke-free survival, analysis of Kaplan–Meier curves showed that a statistically larger number of strokes were diagnosed in group 2 ( p < .0001). Conclusion Due to the fact that the patients were initially not comparable for a number of indicators, to achieve balance, we applied propensity score matching analysis. Thus, group 1 consisted of 24,381 patients, and group 2 consisted of 17,219 patients. In the hospital postoperative period, statistically significant differences were obtained only in the combined end point, which was greater in group 2 (group 1: n = 465 (1.9%); group 2: n = 382 (2.2%); p = .02). In the long-term follow-up period, after applying propensity score matching, no statistically significant differences were obtained between groups.

GOAL:Presentation of the first Russian computer program (www.carotidscore.ru) for risk stratification of postoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy (CEE).MATERIAL AND METHODS:The present study is based on the analysis of a multicenter Russian database that includes 25,812 patients after CEE operated on from 01/01/2010 to 04/01/2022. The following types of CEE were implemented: 6814 classical CEE with plastic reconstruction of the reconstruction zone with a patch; 18,998 eversion CEE.RESULTS:In the hospital postoperative period, 0.18% developed a lethal outcome, 0.14%-myocardial infarction, 0.35%-stroke. The combined endpoint was 0.68%. For each factor present in patients, a predictive coefficient was calculated. The prognostic coefficient was a numerical indicator reflecting the strength of the influence of each factor on the development of postoperative complications. Based on this formula, predictive coefficients were calculated for each factor present in patients in our study. The total contribution of these factors was reflected in "%" and denoted the risk of postoperative complications with a minimum value of 0% and a maximum of 100%. On the basis of the obtained calculations, a computer program CarotidSCORE was created. Its graphical interface is based on the QT framework (https://www.qt.io), which has established itself as one of the best solutions for desktop applications. It is possible not only to calculate the probability of developing a complication, but also to save all data about the patient in JSON format (for the patient's personal card and his anamnesis). The CarotidSCORE program contains 47 patient parameters, including clinical-demographic, anamnestic and angiographic characteristics. It allows you to choose one of the four types of CEE, which will provide an accurate stratification of the risk of complications for each of them in person.CONCLUSION:CarotidSCORE (www.carotidscore.ru) is able to determine the likelihood of postoperative complications in patients undergoing CEE.

Исследование заключалось в определении влияния стентирования почечных артерий у пациентов с артериальной гипертензией в сочетании со стенозом почечных артерий на клинико-гериатрический статус по таким показателям, как число принимаемых препаратов, когнитивный статус, определяемый по шкале MMSE, распространенность частоты падений, психоэмоциональный статус по шкале Бека, качество сна по шкале ВАШ, индекс возрастной дискриминированности по опроснику эйджизма E. Palmore, качество жизни по опроснику SF-36. В исследовании приняли участие 72 пациента пожилого возраста с артериальной гипертензией в сочетании со стенозом почечных артерий. По итогам проведенного исследования, в результате стентирования почечных артерий отмечается уменьшение числа принимаемых препаратов, улучшение когнитивного статуса по шкале MMSE, уменьшение распространенности частоты падений, улучшение психоэмоционального статуса по шкале Бека и качества сна по шкале ВАШ, снижение уровня возрастной дискриминированности, повышение качества жизни по всем шкалам опросника SF-36. The study consists in determining the effect of renal artery stenting in patients with arterial hypertension in combination with renal artery stenosis on the dynamics of clinical and geriatric status in terms of such indicators as the number of drugs taken, cognitive status, determined by the MMSE scale, prevalence of the frequency of falls, psycho-emotional status by the Beck scale, the quality of sleep on the VAS scale, the index of age discrimination according to the E. Palmore ageism questionnaire, the quality of life according to the SF 36 questionnaire. The study involved 72 elderly patients with arterial hypertension in combination with renal artery stenosis. According to the results of the study, as a result of stenting of the renal arteries, there is a decrease in the number of drugs taken, an improvement in the cognitive status on the MMSE scale, a decrease in the frequency of falls, an improvement in the psycho-emotional status on the Beck scale, an improvement in the quality of sleep on the VAS scale, a decrease in the level of age discrimination, an increase in the quality of life according to questionnaire SF-36 on all scales.

Accumulating evidence supports the need to consider pulmonary artery thrombosis the separate thrombotic complication, which requires its own treatment algorithms. The aim of the work is to demonstrate the pulmonary artery thrombosis clinical aspects and the effect of the standard thrombotic prophylactic algorithms with clinical examples. Clinical cases of patients with pulmonary artery thrombosis are presented. Pulmonary artery thrombosis is considered to be the thrombotic obstruction of the pulmonary artery branches in the absence of venous and cardiac chambers thrombosis. Patient S. with COVID-19 and 75% of lung involvement was treated in the accordance with the actual COVID-19 treatment recommendations. Enoxaparin sodium 6000 IE once a day followed by the increasing dosage of 8000 IE twice a day was used. To prevent exacerbation tocilizumab was infused, and systemic thrombolytic therapy was performed. On the 6th day after systemic thrombolytic therapy patient died. Examination revealed thrombi in the pulmonary artery branches. Patient P. with continued growth of cerebral left frontoparietal region glioblastoma was hospitalized. Surgical tumor removal was performed a year ago. Conservative therapy, dexamethasone injections and anticoagulant prophylaxis (enoxaparin sodium 4000 IE once a day) were prescribed. After the patient death thrombi were found in the pulmonary artery segmental branches. Outpatient D. had a history of four episodes of dyspnea during the acute respiratory diseases. Computed tomography performed at the time of the third and fourth episodes revealed thrombi in the pulmonary artery segmental branches. The fourth episode occured despite anticoagulant prophylaxis with rivaroxaban (10 mg once a day). Patient was recommended to switch to low molecular weight heparins in case of any disease. There have been no recurrent episodes over the past 8 months. Distinctive features of pulmonary artery thrombosis pathogenesis determine the development of the complication despite anticoagulant prophylaxis. Preventive effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the pulmonary artery thrombosis development has not been demonstrated.

BACKGROUND: Recently, there has been a growing interest to the pulmonary artery thrombosis due to the collected data on pathogenesis of this complication and the awareness about developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategy distinctive from those in pulmonary embolism. AIM: To estimate the pulmonary artery thrombosis clinical presentation, its electrocardiographic and echocardiographic signs and the possibility of applying venous thromboembolism risk assessment scores and diagnostic scoring systems in the cohort of deceased patients with verified pulmonary artery thrombosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study based on the medical records analysis of two groups of deceased patients has been carried out. The first group included 80 patients with pulmonary artery thrombosis and the second one included 42 patients with pulmonary embolism. All the patients’ diagnoses were confirmed by the results of sectional and histological studies. 61 patient with COVID-19 and 19 non-COVID urgent patients with different pathologies were included in pulmonary artery thrombosis group. All 42 patients in pulmonary embolism group had verified venous thrombosis or heart chambers thrombi. Clinical presentation peculiarities, the electrocardiographic and echocardiographic reports as well as the possibility of application of Caprini, IMPROVE VTE, Padua, Wells and Geneva scoring systems were analyzed. RESULTS: None of the 80 pulmonary artery thrombosis patients had hemoptysis, unexpected dyspnoea, sudden strong cough, chest pain, or syncopea. Electrocardiographic changes indicative of right ventricular strain were found in 52.5% in the pulmonary artery thrombosis group and in 57.1% in the pulmonary embolism group. Inversion of T waves, complete and incomplete right bundle branch block were recorded in 14.6% and in 12.5%, in 36.3% and in 47.5% in the pulmonary artery thrombosis group and in the pulmonary embolism group, respectively, without statistical significance between two groups. Echocardiographic findings of right ventricular overload and/or dysfunction were present in 5 out of 10 patients with pulmonary artery thrombosis and in 5 out of 9 patients with pulmonary embolism. The correlation between Caprini, IMPROVE VTE and Padua scores and the incidence of pulmonary artery thrombosis was as strong as with the incidence of pulmonary embolism. On the contrary, Wells and Geneva clinical prediction scores failed to determine the probability of pulmonary artery thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary artery thrombosis occurs without obvious clinical manifestations typical for pulmonary embolism. Electrocardiography and echocardiography reveal right ventricular overload in pulmonary artery thrombosis and in pulmonary embolism with equal frequency. Patients with high risk of pulmonary artery thrombosis can be identified by using the Caprini, IMPROVE VTE, Padua Prediction scores.

Hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) following liver transplantation (LT) is a severe life-threatening complication that can lead to graft loss and mortality after LT. According to different reports, HAT incidence ranges from 2% to 9%. Modern endovascular and radiosurgical techniques allow for minimally invasive liver graft revascularization. Nonetheless, a major consequence of even a successful revascularization is ischemic cholangiopathy, which can lead to ischemic biliary strictures and anastomotic leak. The paper presents a clinical case of long-term complex treatment of combined complications of LT using minimally invasive endovascular and endoscopic techniques.

ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ Анализ непосредственных результатов каротидной эндартерэктомии (КЭЭ) с селективным применением временного шунта (ВШ) и отказом от него. МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ В данное многоцентровое ретроспективное исследование за период с января 2005 г. по октябрь 2020 г. вошли 4967 пациентов с гемодинамически значимыми стенозами внутренней сонной артерии (ВСА), которым выполнена классическая КЭЭ с пластикой зоны реконструкции заплатой. В зависимости от применения ВШ все пациенты были распределены на три группы: 1-я (n=1328, 26,7%) — ВШ был установлен ввиду низкого ретроградного давления в ВСА (<60% от системного); 2-я (n=1853, 37,3%) — ВШ не был установлен ввиду удовлетворительного ретроградного давления (≥60% от системного); 3-я (n=1786, 35,9%) — ВШ не был установлен умышленно (ретроградное давление в ВСА не измеряли). Среднее время установки шунта в 1-й группе составило 46,2±17,6 с. В работе описана подробная инструкция по установке ВШ с наглядными иллюстрациями, указаны основные нюансы процедуры. Предложенные этапы установки ВШ могут лечь в основу обучения ординаторов и молодых сосудистых хирургов, а также должны быть внесены в новую версию национальных рекомендаций. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ В госпитальном периоде группы были сопоставимы по частоте летальных исходов (p=0,62), фатальных (p=0,96) и нефатальных инфарктов миокарда (ИМ) (p=0,73), фатальных острых нарушений мозгового кровообращения (ОНМК) (p=0,54) и нефатальных ОНМК/транзиторных ишемических атак (ТИА) (p=0,12). Однако наибольшее количество «немых» ОНМК было зафиксировано в группе больных, в которой ВШ был установлен (1-я группа: 2,56%, n=34; 2-я группа: 0,5%, n=9; 3-я группа: 0,55%, n=10; p<0,0001). Это состояние повлияло на максимальные значения комбинированной конечной точки (с учетом «немых» ОНМК), которую чаще определяли в 1-й группе (1-я группа: 3,3%, n=44; 2-я группа: 1,02%, n=19; 3-я группа: 1,56%, n=28; p<0,0001). Наибольшее количество фатальных ишемических ОНМК зафиксировано при стенозе ВСА 60—80% в 1-й группе (p=0,02; селективная установка ВШ), 91—99% во 2-й группе (p=0,003; отказ от ВШ ввиду удовлетворительного ретроградного давления) и 3-й группе (p<0,0001; умышленный отказ от ВШ). Подавляющее количество нефатальных ОНМК (1,8%; n=5) выявлено в группе 3 (умышленный отказ от ВШ) при выраженности контралатерального стеноза ВСА 91—99% (p=0,0008). Наибольшее количество «немых» ОНМК (4,4%; n=11) было зафиксировано в 1-й группе (селективная установка ВШ) при выраженности контралатерального стеноза ВСА 91—99% (p=0,02). Таким образом, комбинированная конечная точка показала, что ОНМК чаще развивается при выраженности контралатерального стеноза ВСА 91—99% (1-я группа: 0,4%, n=6; 2-я группа: 0,2%, n=6; 3-я группа: 1,85%, n=15; p<0,0001). ВЫВОД В госпитальном послеоперационном периоде при применении ВШ было выявлено наибольшее количество «немых» ОНМК, в результате чего комбинированная конечная точка в данной группе имела наибольшие показатели. По частоте нефатальных/фатальных ОНМК, ТИА, ИМ, летальных исходов значимых различий не выявлено. Измерение ретроградного давления не всегда соответствовало действительным компенсаторным возможностям коллатерального кровообращения. В результате при нормальных показателях (≥60% от системного) было выявлено значимое возрастание частоты ОНМК в условиях контралатерального стеноза ВСА 60—80%. При умышленном отказе от установки ВШ установлена значимая динамика в увеличении количества случаев фатальных и нефатальных ОНМК в условиях контралатерального стеноза ВСА 91—99%.

A case report of double thrombolytic therapy with non-immunogenic staphylokinase at a dose of 15 mg bolus over 15 s in a patient with a high-risk massive pulmonary embolism (PE) in the early postoperative period due to femoral wound is described. After the second thrombolysis, a decrease in the pulmonary arteries thrombotic lesions according to multislice computed tomography data, restoration of right ventricular function, and a decrease in pulmonary hypertension were observed. Reuse of the non-immunogenic staphylokinase did not lead to the major bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke, did not provoke a drop in hemoglobin and did not require blood transfusion. Upon discharge of the patient, normalization of the general blood test parameters was noted: the level of hemoglobin increased from 86 to 112 g/l, erythrocytes — from 2.8 to 3.5x1012/l, hematocrit — from 26 to 32%. Thus, non-immunogenic staphylokinase has demonstrated high efficacy and safety in the treatment of patient with a high-risk massive PE in the early postoperative period.

Analysis of the results of emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEE) against the background of internal carotid artery (ICA) thrombosis in the acute period of acute cerebrovascular accident (ACVA) in patients with COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2020-May 1, 2021), 43 patients with ICA thrombosis and a positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result for SARS-CoV-2 were included in this prospective study. In all cases, CEE was performed in the acutest period of ACVA. These patients were included in group 1. The comparison group was represented by 89 patients who underwent CEE in the acute period of stroke, in the period before the COVID-19 pandemic (April 1, 2019-March 1, 2020). According to laboratory parameters, patients with COVID-19 had severe coagulopathy (with an increase in D-dimer: 3832 ± 627.2 ng/mL, fibrinogen: 12.6 ± 3.1 g/L, prothrombin: 155.7 ± 10, 2%), inflammatory syndrome (increased ferritin: 646.2 ± 56.1 ng/mL, C-reactive protein: 161.3 ± 17.2 mg/L, interleukin-6: 183.3 ± 51.7 pg/mL, leukocytosis: 27.3 ± 1.7 10E9/L). In the hospital postoperative period, the groups were comparable in terms of the incidence of deaths (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 1.1%, n = 1; P= 0.81; OR=2.09; 95 % CI = 0.12-34.3) myocardial infarction (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 0%; P= 0.7; OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 0.25-158.5), CVA (group 1: 2.3%, n = 1; group 2: 2.2%, n = 2; P= 0.55; OR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0,.09-11.7). ICA thrombosis and hemorrhagic transformations were not recorded. However, due to severe coagulopathy with ongoing anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy, patients with COVID-19 more often developed bleeding in the operation area (group 1: 11.6%, n = 5; group 2: 1.1%, n = 1; P= 0.02; OR = 11.5; 95% CI = 1.3-102.5). In all cases, the flow of hemorrhagic discharge came from the drainage localized in the subcutaneous fat. This made it possible to remove skin sutures in a dressing room, suturing the source of bleeding and applying secondary sutures under local anesthesia. Emergency CEE in the acute period of stroke is an effective and safe method of cerebral revascularization in case of ICA thrombosis in conditions of COVID-19.

This article provides data from the current Russian (National guidelines for the management of patients with diseases of the brachiocephalic arteries of 2013; Recommendations “Blockage and stenosis of the carotid artery” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2016) and foreign (European Society of Cardiology / European Society of Vascular Surgeons for Diagnosis and Treatment Peripheral Artery Diseases 2017; Recommendations for myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Association of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons 2018) recommendations regarding the choice of a revascularization strategy for combined coronary and carotid artery disease. Conclusions are drawn about the unresolved issue. A literature review of the largest series of Russian articles by one institution devoted to this topic was carried out. Hospital and long-term outcomes have been demonstrated, as well as predictors of complications for various revascularization strategies. The stages of creation and the results of approbation of a new computer program for risk stratifi cation, which makes it possible to determine the mathematical probability of the development of unfavorable cardiovascular events during the implementation of various surgical tactics, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient. A conclusion was made about the effectiveness of this development.

Aim. To evaluate the results of surgical intervention planning using three-dimensional models based on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms.Material and Methods. Two groups of patients with postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm (PLVA) were included in the study, totaling 41 patients. The first (experimental) group included 17 patients diagnosed with PLVA by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and surgical intervention planning was performed using a 3D model of the heart. The control group comprised 24 patients in whom PLVA was diagnosed by echocardiography (TTE) or ventriculography, and surgical intervention planning was performed using traditional two-dimensional slice images.Results. Comparison of full perfusion under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) showed statistically significant differences between the groups: this parameter was 60 [56; 68] min in group 1 vs. 71 [61; 84] min in group 2, which was significantly higher (p = 0.043). There were no significant differences in total operation time (280 [265; 320] min in group 1 vs. 263 [248; 283] min in group 2, p = 0.055), overall CPB time (93 [86; 109] min in group 1 vs. 104 [83; 109] min in group 2, p = 0.653), and partial CPB time (31 [26; 39] min in group 1 vs. 27 [21; 32] min in group 2, p = 0.127).Conclusion. The use of 3D models to support surgeons for PLVA correction makes it possible to determine the type of reconstructive surgery, practice the main stages of the upcoming intervention, and reduce the time of full perfusion under CPB during its implementation.

COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a huge impact on the health of the world's population. Due to the high contagiousness and rapid spread of the infection, on March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the beginning of a pandemic. Meanwhile, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, coronary heart disease is one of the most common diseases in the world and still ranks first in the structure of mortality. Currently, one of the optimal and most effective methods of surgical treatment of coronary heart disease with atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary bed is direct myocardial revascularization — coronary bypass surgery. However, cardiac surgical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with certain risks. Active infection is a serious aggravating factor that can lead to the development of complications and death. This article presents a clinical case of the death of a 65‑year-old patient after elective coronary artery bypass grafting, where previously undiagnosed COVID-19 was detected in the early postoperative period.

Настоящий обзор литературы посвящен спорным вопросам каротидной эндартерэктомии (КЭЭ), существующим на сегодняшний день. Приведены данные результатов исследований, отражающие сравнительную эффективность классической КЭЭ с пластикой зоны реконструкции заплатой и эверсионной КЭЭ. Представлены итоги работ по изучению эффективности и безопасности каротидной ангиопластики со стентированием, которые были сопоставлены с госпитальными и отдаленными результатами КЭЭ. Проведен обзор редких авторских методик КЭЭ при протяженном атеросклеротическом поражении. Продемонстрирована эффективность данных методик в сравнении с протезированием внутренней сонной артерии и классической КЭЭ с пластикой зоны реконструкции заплатой. Продемонстрировано настоящее состояние проблемы выбора стратегии хирургического лечения больных с симультанным атеросклеротическим поражением сонных и коронарных артерий. Особый акцент сделан на персонифицированном подходе к выбору оптимального вида лечения, основанного на стратификации риска осложнений. Представлена уникальная компьютерная программа, позволяющая рассчитать вероятность неблагоприятных кардиоваскулярных событий для каждого конкретного пациента с учетом выбора поэтапной, симультанной или гибридной стратегии реваскуляризации. Сделано заключение о перспективности и необходимости массового распространения данной разработки.

Anticoagulant therapy is considered to be a treatment and prophylaxis standard for venous thrombosis (VT). Despite the high efficacy and safety of modern anticoagulants, bleeding as the side effect remains a prominent unresolved problem that can limit their use. As interrelation between immune system and coagulation is the basis of immunothrombosis, immunosuppression could be considered an alternative in the target therapy for venous thrombosis. Endothelial activation due to the blood stasis and vein wall hypoxia together with proinflammatory mediators promote essential conditions for venous thrombosis. The key points of this process are also the platelets and leukocytes activation and neutrophil extracellular traps secretion. Inhibition of intercellular interactions by the adhesion and signal molecules deletion (P-selectins, galectins, HMGB1) can fully prevent thrombosis or significantly reduce the thrombus. The same effect is observed when platelets function is suppressed by GPIbα transformation, CLEC-2 deletion or von Willebrand factor deficiency. Neutropenia contributes to a change in the thrombus structure and density, and less often prevents its formation. In addition, one of the options for the VT prevention in the experiment is the introduction of resorption mediators, which are secreted by effector cells in the process of thrombosis resolution. Target therapy appears to be a promising method based on key links in the VT pathogenesis, which may allow avoiding typical complications of anticoagulant therapy.

At present, there are no studies on the analysis of the incidence of complications in patients with concomitant lesions of the coronary and internal carotid arteries (ICA) after combined operation of carotid endarterectomy (CE) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) against the background of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is no doubt that this condition can be a predictor of cardiovascular and wound complications during in-hospital and long-term postoperative periods.Aim. To study in-hospital and long-term outcomes of combined CABG+CE in patients with and without type 2 diabetes.Material and methods. This multicenter retrospective study for the period from January 2015 to December 2019 included 653 patients with concomitant atherosclerotic lesions of ICA and coronary arteries, who underwent combined CE+CABG. Depending on presence of type 2 diabetes, 2 groups were formed: group 1 (n=183) — patients with type 2 diabetes; group 2 (n=471) — patients without type 2 diabetes. The duration of postoperative follow-up was 37,8±14,9 months.Results. During hospitalization, significant differences in the incidence of death (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =1,0%; p=0,97), myocardial infarction (MI) (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,76), bleeding events (group 1 =1,1%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,76) were not detected. However, stroke (group 1 =3,8%; group 2 =0,4%; p=0,0008), sternal wound infection and mediastinitis (group 1 =3,3%; group 2 =0,2%; p=0,0006) were significantly more often developed in patients with type 2 diabetes.In the long-term follow-up period, death (group 1 =6,6%; group 2 =1,1%; p<0,0001), MI (group 1 =4,9%; group 2 =0,8%; p=0,0008), stroke (group 1 =7,7%; group 2 =1,5%; p<0,0001), ICA restenosis (group 1 =8,8%; group 2 =1,6%; p<0,0001), repeated emergency myocardial revascularization (group 1 =7,2%; group 2 =1,5%; p=0,0002), repeated emergency cerebral revascularization (group 1 =8,8%; group 2 =1,6%; p<0,0001) were significantly more often recorded in patients with type 2 diabetes.Kaplan-Meier curve analysis and its comparison using the log rank test revealed that the death, MI, and stroke were also significantly more often observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (p=0,0007, p=0,003, p<0,0001, respectively).Conclusion. Patients with type 2 diabetes who are referred for combined CE+CABG are at an increased risk of stroke, sternal wound infection and mediastinitis in the in-hospital postoperative period, as well as all adverse cardiovascular events in the long-term follow-up period.