Aureoboletus zunyiensis from Guizhou Province, China, is described hereby on the basis of morphology and molecular analysis. It is characterized by a brownish-red pileal surface, yellowish context, ovoid to reniform spores, and cystidia are covered with a pale yellow refractive substance. Multigene analysis based on nrLSU, ITS, and TEF1-alpha supported that the new species belongs to Aureoboletus. Photographs, microstructure diagram, and a phylogenetic tree showing relationships to closely related taxa are provided.

The wild Solanum resources are a key part of Yunnan’s plant genetic diversity, and some of these resources are traditional vegetables for the local Dai and Hani ethnic minorities. However, their genetic diversity has been declining due to rapid urbanization, making conservation urgent. To establish a scientific preservation system, this study selected 15 wild Solanum germplasm resources collected from Dai and Hani-inhabited areas in Yunnan. For 9 cryo-tolerant genotypes, 8%–10% seed moisture content was optimal; preservation duration had negligible effects within the appropriate seed moisture content range, while germplasm traits significantly impacted seed survival and regeneration. Plantlets regenerated from these preserved seeds maintained stable morphological and physiological traits, and the stability of their DNA structures was further verified using 6 primers of ISSR and RAPD markers. A medium-term slow growth conservation system, which was based on the induction of adventitious buds through the cotyledon organogenesis pathway, was developed for 6 cryo-sensitive materials. The medium “MS + 30 g/L sucrose + 7 g/L agar + 2.0 mg/L ZT + 0.1–0.2 mg/L NAA (pH=5.8)” had the highest adventitious bud induction efficiency; “1/4 MS + 60 g/L sucrose + 9 g/L agar + 75–100 mg/L CCC + 0.1 mg/L ABA (pH=5.8)” retarded stem elongation while ensuring survival. Recovered plantlets only had lower root biomass than controls, with no other obvious variation in traits or DNA. This study not only provides technical support for the stable preservation of S. undatum and its relatives but also lays a foundation for safeguarding ethnic vegetable genetic resources and promoting sustainable development of Solanaceae breeding and biodiversity conservation.

Sutorius is a genus within the family Boletaceae, typically characterised by chocolate-brown to reddish-brown or slightly purplish colouration, finely scaly stems and reddish-brown spore deposits. Although numerous species of this genus have been reported from India and northern to north-eastern Thailand, its species diversity remains insufficiently explored. During an extensive survey on diversity of boletes in Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China, this study identified two new Sutorius species, based on morphological and multi-locus (nrLSU, nrITS, TEF1-α and RPB2) phylogenetic analyses and they were assigned as S. yuxiensis and S. rubropurpureus. Sutorius yuxiensis is morphologically characterised by a yellowish-brown pileus with densely arranged pores, giving the surface an irregular appearance, along with a pale purplish-grey colouration. Sutorius rubropurpureus is morphologically characterised by a purplish-red to purplish-grey pileus, the pore surface is purplish-red to reddish-brown in colour and the presence of pleurocystidia. S. yuxiensis is phylogenetically close to S. obscuripellis and S. ubonensis and forms an independent lineage. S. rubropurpureus clusters with S. rubinus and related congeners. Detailed descriptions, illustrations, phylogenetic analyses and comparisons with closelyrelated taxa are provided to support the recognition of these two novel species.

BackgroundRadish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a crucial vegetable crop in the Brassicaceae family, which has a high nutritional, medicinal, and dietary therapeutic values. Radish varieties rich in anthocyanins are favored by consumers because of their bright color and high nutritional value. However, the reports on the role of lncRNA in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in radishes are relatively rare.ResultsBased on our previous LncRNA sequencing findings, the RsLNC2361 was differentially expressed in red and white skin radish. The results revealed that overexpression of RsLNC2361 can promote anthocyanin accumulation in radish leaves, whereas silencing of RsLNC2361 can decrease the anthocyanin content in radish flesh root using VIGS technology, indicating that RsLNC2361 has a positive regulatory effect on anthocyanin accumulation in radish. Overexpression of RsLNC2361 increased the expresssion anthocyanin structural genes, whereas silencing of RsLNC2361 had opposite effect. A total of 5,032 DEGs and 273 differental metabolites were identified in RsLNC2361-pTY and pTY (control) by transcriptome and metabolome sequencing, respectively. Combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses showed KEGG pathway associated with flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was commonly enriched. The results found that the miRNA858 was predicted to target RsLNC2361, with expectation values of 4.0. Therefore, we speculate that lncRNA participates in the accumulation of anthocyanins in radishes through the regulatory mechanism of the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) module.ConclusionsThis study provides a new perspective on the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by non-coding RNA and offers a theoretical basis for the breeding of high-anthocyanin radish.

Pea sprouts and Houttuynia cordata are two popular specialty vegetables widely consumed in Guizhou, China, but comprehensive data on their pesticide residue profiles and associated dietary risks, especially for multi-residue scenarios covering polar and semi-volatile compounds, remains limited. To fill this gap, we developed a reliable combined analytical method combining UPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS to simultaneously detect 94 pesticide residues in the two vegetable matrices. Method validation showed satisfactory performance: recoveries ranged from 70% to 119%, with all sensitivity and precision indicators met detection requirements. When applied to 196 real market samples, 62 pesticides were detected, 58 in pea sprouts and 57 in Houttuynia cordata; 2 of these compounds exceeded their corresponding MRLs in some samples, although none of the detected residues posed an unacceptable acute or chronic dietary risk, as all risk values were far below the threshold of 1. Both acute and chronic dietary risk assessments confirmed all risk values were far below the threshold 1, indicating no unacceptable health risk for consumers. This study provides a reliable multi-residue detection approach and systematic risk data, offering a scientific basis for safety supervision of local characteristic vegetables.

Houttuynia cordata is an important medicinal and vegetable crop in Southwest China. Due to the accumulation of heavy metal ions such as lead ions (Pb2+) in H. cordata, consumption of this plant carries risks, such as ingestion of lead-contaminated H. cordata, may lead to Pb2+ bioaccumulation, which is associated with developmental retardation, endocrine disruption, and impairments to immune and neurological functions. In order to screen H. cordata germplasm for low Pb2+ absorption and identify the Pb2+ adsorption-related agronomic traits and molecular markers, the genetic diversity of a germplasm resource of H. cordata comprising collected 72 accessions was comprehensively evaluated based on agronomic traits and Pb2+ contents in the underground stems of the plant. Further, intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers and generalized linear model (GLM) correlation analyses were performed to identify the ISSR loci related to the Pb2+ absorption. Ward clustering analysis grouped the 72 accessions of H. cordata into five major classes through analysis of morphological traits. Combined analysis of the Pb2+ contents of underground stems with the phenotypic traits revealed significant changes in members within the five classes, indicating that the Pb2+ content significantly affected the results of the evaluation of agronomic traits. Greyscale analysis and subsequent verification revealed that the underground stem thickness was closely related to the Pb2+ absorption. Based on ISSR markers and subsequent verification, two loci, namely, Locus 21 and Locus 29, were found to have better screening effects on germplasms with low Pb2+ adsorption. The accessions that did not carry these two loci in the genome generally exhibited low lead ion adsorption. This study presents a faster marker-based screening for H. cordata plants that are safer for consumption.

BACKGROUND: BBX transcription factors (TF) play a vital role in the anthocyanin synthesis. Purple eggplant is rich in anthocyanin and has high nutritional value and greatly benefiting human health. Although some eggplant anthocyanin synthesis genes have been reported, the molecular mechanism of eggplant BBX genes participate in anthocyanin synthesis remains unclear. RESULTS: In this present study, 38 SmBBX genes were detected and distributed on 12 chromosomes. The all SmBBX proteins can be divided into 5 subfamilies by phylogenetic analysis. Cis-elements analysis found that SmBBX genes may play important role in regulating light, stress and hormone responsive in eggplant. A total of 13 gene duplication were found in 19 SmBBX genes. In all 4,765 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in bagged and debagged eggplant peels by transcriptome sequencing. The 11 differentially expressed SmBBX genes were obtained and confirmed by RT-qPCR. KEGG analysis found that all DEGs were significantly enriched in the flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, stilbenes, diarylheptanes and gingerols pathways. Subcellular localization found that SmBBX5 was localized in nucleus. The SmBBX5 gene positively regulated the synthesis of anthocyanin in eggplant peel by transient overexpression and VIGS technology. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide new reference for exploring the molecular mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation and genetic improvement of eggplant with high anthocyanin in eggplant.

Two major QTLs for bolting time in radish were mapped to chromosome 02 and 07 in a 0.37 Mb and 0. 52 Mb interval, RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 is the critical genes. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop of Cruciferae. The premature bolting and flowering reduces the yield and quality of the fleshy root of radish. However, the molecular mechanism underlying bolting and flowering in radish remains unknown. In YZH (early bolting) × XHT (late bolting) F2 population, a high-density genetic linkage map was constructed with genetic distance of 2497.74 cM and an average interval of 2.31 cM. A total of nine QTLs for bolting time and two QTLs for flowering time were detected. Three QTLs associated with bolting time in radish were identified by QTL-seq using radish GDE (early bolting) × GDL (late bolting) F2 population. Fine mapping narrowed down qBT2 and qBT7.2 to an 0.37 Mb and 0.52 Mb region on chromosome 02 and 07, respectively. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis showed that RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 were the candidate gene for qBT7.2 and qBT2 locus, respectively. Subcellular localization exhibited that RsFLC1 and RsFLC2 were mainly expressed in the nucleus. A 1856-bp insertion in the first intron of RsFLC1 was responsible for bolting time. Overexpression of RsFLC2 in Arabidopsis was significantly delayed flowering. These findings will provide new insights into the exploring the molecular mechanism of late bolting and promote the marker-assisted selection for breeding late-bolting varieties in radish.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable worldwide, but its sustainable production and breeding are highly threatened by blight disease caused by Alternaria brassicae. Melatonin is an important growth regulator that can influence physiological activities in both plants and microbes and stimulate biotic stress resistance in plants. In this study, 0-1500 μM melatonin was exogenously applied to healthy radish seedlings, in vitro incubated A. brassicae, and diseased radish seedlings to determine the effects of melatonin on host, pathogen, and host-pathogen interaction. At sufficient concentrations (0-500 μM), melatonin enhanced growth and immunity of healthy radish seedlings by improving the function of organelles and promoting the biosynthesis of antioxidant enzymes, chitin, organic acid, and defense proteins. Interestingly, melatonin also improved colony growth, development, and virulence of A. brassicae. A strong dosage-dependent effect of melatonin was observed: 50-500 μM promoted host and pathogen vitality and resistance (500 μM was optimal) and 1500 μM inhibited these processes. Significantly less blight was observed on diseased seedlings treated with 500 μM melatonin, indicating that melatonin more strongly enhanced the growth and immunity of radish than it promoted the development and virulence of A. brassicae at this treatment concentration. These effects of MT were mediated by transcriptional changes of key genes as identified by RNA-seq, Dual RNA-seq, and qRT-PCR. The results from this work provide a theoretical basis for the application of melatonin to protect vegetable crops against pathogens.

Online and offline education is an important trend in education innovation after the empowerment of information and intelligent technology. A large number of disadvantages of traditional education and online education have been exposed in the epidemic era. Establishing an efficient, accurate and integrated new pattern of online and offline education and fully colliding with the advantages of online and offline education system is an important topic of education reform. Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources is an important basic elective course for agricultural majors in colleges and universities, and it is also a course closely related to production practice. Using the latest teaching model to create seamless, full-scene intelligent online and offline courses will help to solve the inherent problems of the curriculum system and the traditional teaching model. This study mainly discusses the implementation theory and requirements of the new online and offline teaching pattern of Horticultural Plant Germplasm Resources in colleges and universities.

Lactifluus is a distinct genus of milkcaps, well known as ectomycorrhizal fungi. The characteristics of the genus Lactifluus include grayish-yellow, orange to orange-brown, or reddish-brown pileus, white latex from the damaged lamellae, discoloring to a brownish color, reticulate spore ornamentation, lampropalisade-type pileipellis, and the presence of lamprocystidia. Guizhou Province is rich in wild mushroom resources due to its special geographical location and natural environment. In this study, three novel Lactifluus species were identified through the screening of extensive fungal resources in Suiyang County, Guizhou Province, China, sampled from host species of mostly Castanopsis spp. and Pinus spp. Based on critical morphology coupled with nuclear sequences of genes encoding large subunit rRNA, internal transcribed spacer, and RNA polymerase II, these new species, Lactifluus taibaiensis, Lactifluus qinggangtangensis, and Lactifluus jianbaensis, were found to belong to Lactifluus section Lactifluus. A comparison with closely related species, Lactifluus taibaiensis was distinguished by its lighter-colored pileus, different colors of lamellae, and more subglobose basidiospores; Lactifluus jianbaensis was identified by the height of the spore ornamentation and its subglobose basidiospores; and Lactifluus qinggangtangensis was characterized by having smaller basidiospores, ridges, and pleurolamprocystid.

BACKGROUND:Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (InDels) are the most abundant genetic variations and widely distribute across the genomes in plant. Development of SNP and InDel markers is a valuable tool for genetics and genomic research in radish (Raphanus sativus L.).RESULTS:In this study, a total of 366,679 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 97,973 insertion-deletion (InDel) markers were identified based on genome resequencing between 'YZH' and 'XHT'. In all, 53,343 SNPs and 4,257 InDels were detected in two cultivars by transcriptome sequencing. Among the InDel variations, 85 genomic and 15 transcriptomic InDels were newly developed and validated PCR. The 100 polymorphic InDels markers generated 207 alleles among 200 Chinese radish germplasm, with an average 2.07 of the number of alleles (Na) and with an average 0.33 of the polymorphism information content (PIC). Population structure and phylogenetic relationship revealed that the radish cultivars from northern China were clustered together and the southwest China cultivars were clustered together. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that 11,003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two cultivars, of which 5,020 were upregulated and 5,983 were downregulated. In total, 145 flowering time-related DGEs were detected, most of which were involved in flowering time integrator, circadian clock/photoperiod autonomous, and vernalization pathways. In flowering time-related DGEs region, 150 transcriptomic SNPs and 9 InDels were obtained.CONCLUSIONS:The large amount of SNPs and InDels identified in this study will provide a valuable marker resource for radish genetic and genomic studies. The SNPs and InDels within flowering time-related DGEs provide fundamental insight into for dissecting molecular mechanism of bolting and flowering in radish.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important root vegetable crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. Anthocyanin rich radish varieties are popular among consumers because of their bright color and high nutritional value. However, the underlying molecular mechanism responsible for skin and flesh induce anthocyanin biosynthesis in transient overexpression, gene silencing and transcriptome sequencing were used to verify its function in radish anthocyanin accumulation, radish remains unclear. Here, we identified a long noncoding RNA LINC15957, overexpression of LINC15957 was significantly increased anthocyanin accumulation in radish leaves, and the expression levels of structural genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis were also significantly increased. Anthocyanin accumulation and expression levels of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were significantly reduced in silenced LINC15957 flesh when compared with control. By the transcriptome sequencing of the overexpressed LINC15957 plants and the control, 5,772 differentially expressed genes were identified. A total of 3,849 differentially expressed transcription factors were identified, of which MYB, bHLH, WD40, bZIP, ERF, WRKY and MATE were detected and differentially expressed in the overexpressed LINC15957 plants. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the genes were significant enriched in tyrosine, L-Phenylalanine, tryptophan, phenylpropanol, and flavonoid biosynthesis. RT-qPCR analysis showed that 8 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were differentially expressed in LINC15957-overexpressed plants. These results suggested that LINC15957 involved in regulate anthocyanin accumulation and provide abundant data to investigate the genes regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in radish.

本研究对151份贵州地方樱桃番茄资源农艺性状(13个质量性状和11个数量性状)进行变异水平评价、遗传多样性分析、主成分分析及聚类分析.结果表明:质量性状的遗传多样性指数整体低于数量性状;质量性状中叶片颜色Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,数量性状中最高的是果实纵径,心室数的变异系数最大(32.47％).不同的性状之间的关系复杂,前7个主成分花序类型、单花序果数、果柄长度、果实纵径、果实横径、单果质量、叶宽的累计贡献率67.633％,包含了全部指标的大部分信息.基于表型性状,采用系统聚类组间聚合方法在遗传距离为3.0处将151份资源划分为9个类群,第1类群包含36份资源,主要特点为果实圆形,熟性为早熟和极早熟;第8类群中编号30和76的两个材料植株生长力强,表现优异;第9类群包含17份资源,其主要特征是单果质量小,熟性为中熟和晚熟为主.

Lactifluus is an ectomycorrhizal, genetically diverse genus which consists of many species complexes. The genus is widely distributed in the tropics and drives important ecological and economic functions. However, its generic relations are poorly known and the diversity is mostly unexplored. In this study, we propose a new species, Lactifluus hezhangensis sp. nov. belongs to Lf. sect. Gerardii, from Guizhou Province, China. Lactifluus hezhangensis is characterized by a rugose and dark brown pileus, pruinose near center; white to cream lamella, and small basidiospores (4.79) 5.06–7.22 (7.30) × (4.67) 4.68–6.20 (6.59) μm). The phylogenetic analyses based on combined three-gene fragments of ITS + LSU + RPB2 confirmed that the new species is distinct from other Lactifluus species. Furthermore, the new species is described with color photographs and compared with similar taxa. We provide a phylogeny for Lf. sect. Gerardii based on ITS, LSU + RPB2 sequence data and the taxonomic status of the new species is briefly discussed.

Abstract Background The transition from the vegetative to reproductive growth is an important stage in radish life cycle (Raphanus sativus L.). However, the molecular mechanism of radish bolting and flowering is still unclear. To obtain new insight into the genomic variation, population structure, genetic diversity and molecular regulation mechanism of flowering time, genome resequencing and transcriptome sequencing were conducted between two cultivars with extreme differences in flowering time. Results In this study, a total of 366,679 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 97,973 insertion-deletion (InDel) markers were identified based on genome sequences between ‘YZH’ and ‘XHT’. In all, 53,343 SNPs and 4,257 InDels were detected in two cultivars by transcriptome. Among the InDel variations, 85 genomic and 15 transcriptomic InDels were newly developed and validated PCR. Population structure and phylogenetic relationship revealed that the radish cultivars from northern China were clustered together and the southwest China cultivars were clustered together. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that 10,983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two cultivars, of which 5,020 were upregulated and 5,983 were downregulated. In total, 145 flowering time-related DGEs were detected, most of which were involved in flowering time integrator, circadian clock/photoperiod autonomous, and vernalization pathways. In flowering time-related DGEs region, 150 transcriptomic SNPs and 9 InDels were obtained. RT-qPCR displayed that the expression pattern of ten DEGs were consistent with the results obtained by RNA-Seq analysis. Conclusions The large amount of SNPs and InDels identified in this study will provide a valuable marker resource for radish genetic and genomic studies. The detected flowering time-related DGEs could provide fundamental insight into bolting and flowering regulatory networks and accelerate further investigating molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth in radish.

Shipping of in vitro micro-cuttings in tubes or jars is a frequently used method as the plants are more likely to quickly reproduce and comply with quarantine regulations in plant germplasm distribution. However, these containers are fragile during transportation. To diminish the risk associated with the long-distance shipping of in vitro plants, a safe and widely applicable packing and conservation technique based on microplate and slow growth was developed in this study. Potato cultivar ZHB and ginger cultivar G-2 were used to optimize the system with microplates (96 wells), vacuum-sealed packaging, and slow-growth techniques. Under regular culture conditions, packing in vacuum-sealed microplates reduced the survival of ZHB and G-2 micro-cuttings to 85.8% and 20.0%, respectively, and regeneration to 61.8% and 0%, respectively. Reducing the temperature to 10 °C maintained the survival of ZHB and G-2 micro-cuttings in the range of 83.3–100% after 60 days. Exposure to darkness decreased the survival of G-2 and inhibited regrowth. Thus, conservation in darkness at 10 °C is suggested. The effects of iron concentration and plant growth retardants were further assessed. The addition of 1/4 MS medium combined with 100 mg/L chlormequat chloride (CCC) resulted in full survival and growth inhibition of plantlets, without malformation identified. Finally, incubation with 1/4 MS medium supplemented with 100 mg/L CCC in vacuum-sealed microplates at 10 °C in the dark resulted in high survival and suppressed germination. Sweet potato HXS was incubated as well to test the broad-spectrum applications of the technique; 100% survival and 6.7% germination was gained. Morphological indices of released cuttings recovered to control levels after two cycles of subculture in MS medium. A 0.1–0.2% genetic variation was detected by SSR and ISSR, suggesting genetic stability of the conserved samples. Finally, micro-cuttings were safely transported to cities located thousands of kilometers away without package and sample damage. Our results enable easy distribution of in vitro plant germplasms.

生物技术是极具应用价值的主流科学技术之一,已与多领域形成学科交叉融合,非生物学科专业学生学习"生物技术导论"具有重要意义.主要讨论在线上线下混合教育模式理念下,以解决非生物学科专业课程教学问题、提升教学质量、拓展学生生物学及生物科学技术相关理论基础、培养跨学科创新思维为目的,通过阐述课程开课意义、教学现状及存在问题,列举混合教育模式主要内容和线上公共课资源,讨论混合教育模式对该课程教学革新的意义及具体改革措施,以期提升教学质量,达到预期培养目的.

Plasmodiophora brassicae causes a serious threat to cruciferous plants including radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Knowledge on the pathogenic regularity and molecular mechanism of P. brassicae and radish is limited, especially on the metabolism level. In the present study, clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars were inoculated with P. brassicae Race 4, root hairs initial infection of resting spores (107 CFU/mL) at 24 h post-inoculation and root galls symptom arising at cortex splitting stage were identified on both cultivars. Root samples of cortex splitting stage of two cultivars were collected and used for untargeted metabonomic analysis. We demonstrated changes in metabolite regulation and pathways during the cortex splitting stage of diseased roots between clubroot-susceptible and clubroot-resistant cultivars using untargeted metabonomic analysis. We identified a larger number of differentially regulated metabolites and heavier metabolite profile changes in the susceptible cultivar than in the resistant counterpart. The metabolites that were differentially regulated in both cultivars were mostly lipids and lipid-like molecules. Significantly regulated metabolites and pathways according to the P value and variable important in projection score were identified. Moreover, four compounds, including ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, imipenem, ginsenoside Rg1, and 6-gingerol, were selected, and their anti-P. brassicae ability and effects on seedling growth were verified on the susceptible cultivar. Except for ethyl α-D-thioglucopyranoside, the remaining could inhibit clubroot development of varing degree. The use of 5 mg/L ginsenoside Rg1 + 5 mg/L 6-gingerol resulted in the lowest disease incidence and disease index among all treatments and enhanced seedling growth. The regulation of pathways or metabolites of carbapenem and ginsenoside was further explored. The results provide a preliminary understanding of the interaction between radish and P. brassicae at the metabolism level, as well as the development of measures for preventing clubroot.

Species of Trametes are important wood decomposers in natural ecosystems and they have been widely used as traditional medicines in Asia. In order to assess the fungal biodiversity of the Greater Mekong Subregion, surveys of Trametes were conducted in Laos. In this paper, Trametes cubensis is introduced as a new record from Laos based on morphology and molecular evidence. The collected specimens are described with colour photographs and illustrations, and compared with similar taxa. A phylogenetic analysis for the new collection of T. cubensis is provided based on ITS, LSU and TEF1 sequence data and the taxonomic status of the species is briefly discussed. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds, beneficial properties and biotechnological applications of Trametes species are also reviewed.