The problem of increasing the reliability of uncertainty estimation of measurement results is considered. The purpose of this work was to justify the application of the process approach to the formation of the algorithm of uncertainty estimation on the basis of morphological analysis. It is theoretically substantiated that from the standpoint of the system approach to achieving an acceptable degree of reliability of measurement uncertainty estimates it is necessary to implement a process approach to the formation of the estimation method as an algorithm of actions. The main stages of the estimation process are defined. It is established that each stage of the estimation process can be realized by alternative methods. The morphological box method as a realization of morphological analysis is proposed as a basis for its solution. A morphological box design of the uncertainty estimation process with an open architecture is presented, based only on commonly accepted methods and approaches for realizing each step of the process. Two aspects of the application of the morphological box method are identified. On the one hand, the morphological box allows to form an algorithm of the uncertainty assessment process, maximally acceptable for the laboratory conditions, as a combination of process steps, based on the task at hand, combining different variants of realization of these steps. On the other hand, the morphological box acts as a tool for development of new methods of realization of various stages of the uncertainty assessment process. Examples of using the morphological box method to develop alternative algorithms of the uncertainty estimation process of the same measurement method and to develop new methods of realization of different stages of the estimation process are considered.

The reliability of the results of sensory analysis depends on a number of factors that affect the objectivity of the tests carried out. Today, the credibility of subjective measurements is primarily achieved through standardization. However, the issue of the credibility of subjective measurements remains, furthermore, it moves to a new level. Special attention must be paid to subjective measures related to the measurement of sensations to ensure credibility of results. The dynamics of increasing credibility through factor standardization lags behind the dynamics of stakeholder demand for increasing the credibility of subjective measurements. The purpose of the paper is to consider subjective measurements from the point of view of the development of the theory of quantitative measurements and to substantiate a process model for measurement that ensures the meaningfulness of the results in relation to expert assessments that ensure the subjectivity of measurements when conducting sensory tests, the results of which form decisions on compliance or non-compliance. The object of research is expert assessment methods used in sensory measurements, specifically in the evaluation of participating experts. The research methods used in this work include system analysis of measurement theories, method of alternatives, and standardized methods of expert assessment. A model of quantitative measurements is proposed to ensure meaningful measurement results, based on an analysis of the evolution of measurement theories. The problem of ensuring the meaningfulness of subjective measurements is formulated, which manifests itself in the form of risks of making incorrect decisions about characteristics of food products and processes based on expert assessments that lack reliability. An algorithm for quantitative measurements has been defined and tested on a specific example of expert assessment, demonstrating the importance of the identified problem of ensuring the reliability of expert assessments.

In continuation of solving the problem of effective planning of an experiment to optimize the parameters of the casting mode of high-speed steel mining machine rotor cutter blanks, the implementation of virtual experiment planning and its verification is considered. To determine rational parameters, fractal-coordinate planning is proposed, and to verify the results, a technique for their expert cross-checking is proposed. The research algorithm is based on the methods of expert assessment—alternatives and coordinate descent.

The casting of rotor cutters for use in mining is considered. Attention focuses on methods of improving the experiment design when optimizing the casting parameters; expert assessments are employed. A key step is identification of the parameter set for the chosen technology. Those parameters are regarded as factors ensuring the production of castings with specified physicomechanical properties.

This work considers a model for measuring non-additive quantities, in particular a model for subjective measurement. The purpose of this work was to develop the measurement theory and form of a measurement model that uses the corrected S. Stevens measurement model.A generalized structure was considered that included an empirical system, a mathematical system, and a homomorphism of the empirical system into a numerical system. The main shortcomings of classical measurement theories seem to be: 1) homomorphism does not display operations (in this case, one cannot speak of the meaningfulness of the model); and 2) there is no empirical measurement model that could confirm the existence of a homomorphism. To overcome the shortcomings of existing theories a definition of the measurement equation is given. As a result a measurement model is obtained that is free from the shortcomings of classical measurement theories. The model uses the corrected model of S. Stevens and the reflection principle of J. Barzilai.The measurement model was tested using laws that were obtained empirically. Using the model it is shown that Fechnerʼs empirical law is equivalent to Stevensʼs empirical law. This means that the problem which has attracted attention of many researchers for almost a century, has been solved.A numerical example demonstrates the possibilities of the proposed measurement model. It is shown that the model can be used for extended analysis of expert assessments.

The industrial revolution of “Industry 4.0” is currently underway at an active pace. Individualization of provided products and services, transition to single production, the issues of acceptability of production processes at the stage of development and design have became urgent. The aim of this work was to develop a strategy for a fundamental solution to the task of guaranteed acceptability of production processes as an integral quality characteristic.We have proposed a systematic approach to strategy development. The basis of the approach was the theory of incorrect tasks solving. We adapted signs of correctness of mathematical tasks by J. Adamar to the tasks of ensuring acceptability of production processes (technological and measurement). They were used in the part of identification of properties of display of incorrectness and ways of incorrectnessʼ management.We have proposed to consider the property of robustness as a generalized index of acceptability for production processes (technological and measurement). We substantiate the equivalence of the concepts of incorrectness of tasks according to J. Adamar and losses of robustness of production processes. We conclude that the developed approaches and techniques of the theory of incorrect tasks can be put in a basis of the system approach to an estimation and management of losses of robustness of production processes. We have proposed a classification of situations of robustness losses in production processes in accordance with the classification of the signs of incorrect tasks by J. Adamar.We have developed a two-step algorithm for ensuring the robustness of production processes at the stage of their development. It included identification of the sources of robustness losses and management of input factors that cause significant variation in process output. This has given a practical implementation of a strategy to guarantee the acceptability of production processes. We have systematized the sources of potential losses in the robustness of production processes and proposed a two-stage mechanism for managing them. We have justified rational methods of ensuring the robustness of production processes for each stage based on, the practice of uncorrected tasks solving. We have proposed a method for ensuring high efficiency of robustness loss management in certain situations. The principles of G. Taguchiʼs robust redesigning of production processes formed the basis of our method.

The article exposes description of features of the combined approach application to the evaluation of measurement results uncertainty. The aim of this work is the justification and development of new science-driven approaches to achieve maximum efficacy of measurements on the criteria "accuracy/costs" at the stated level of confidence. It provides theoretical base for correctness of combined approach to assess measurement results uncertainty. There is proposition to conventionally divide measurement process into fragments – combining objects, each from shall be considered as individual element for evaluation. It is well known that combining objects can be formed by grouping individual components (resources) of the measurement process either via separate stages of the measurement process. Correctness of such approach is based on the application of "resource" and "process" approaches as regards identification of the factors that affect the measurement results uncertainty. This article provides recommendations on selection of model or empiric approach for evaluating of particular contributions from combining objects of different types into total uncertainty of the final measurement result. In order to improve the validity of empiric approach of the criteria of sufficiency of measurement method uncertainty examination was formulated. It is recommended to evaluate the total uncertainty of the final measurement result by complexation of evaluations of particular total uncertainty of the results for all fragments according to the uncertainties distribution law. It is determined two typical cases of effective application of the combined approach to evaluation of measurement results uncertainty: method of direct measurements and method of indirect measurements. This article considers features of effective application of the combined approach for both situations providing corresponding examples. Special attention is paid to the application of the combined approach to assessing the test results uncertainty. As distinct from the measurement process realized under normal conditions, testing process includes additional external influence factors that are determined by test conditions.

The paper identifies the problem of ensuring the reliability of measurement results of quality characteristics as subjective values and their correct application in logical and mathematical models of making decisions. The purpose of this study is to increase the reliability of expert evaluation of individual characteristics of the quality of processes, products, systems. The article describes basic methodological approaches to subjective measurements represented by the classical, operational and representational theories of measurement. The most acceptable for the purposes of ensuring the reliability of the expert evaluation of the single quality characteristics a representative theory, suggesting that the subjective value can be measured only in nominal or ordinal scales was determined. The contradiction is established: the possibility of measuring of single quality characteristics in the ordinal scale does not meet the needs of specialists in the field of quality, whouse subjective measurements to solve problems of analysis and decision-making, requiring the use of logical and mathematical models; in that way estimates should be expressed at least in the interval scale. The article substantiates the best solution of this problem by use of the rating scale which has properties of both ordinal and interval scales. Within the framework of the expert methods of quality measurements development two fundamental elements of the methodology of subjective measurements of subjective values from the standpoint of representative theory are formulated: 1) the rating scale as a modified scale of ranks, 2) the method of organization of the measurement process as a method of alternative assessment of expert preferences. Much attention is given to axiomatic of the rating scale having properties of both ordinal and interval scales. The algorithm of implementation of alternative assessment's of expert preferences method which is based on a special two-stage plan of alternative expert survey and statistical criterion of preferences' stability was suggested. In conjunction, the methodologies of subjective measurements of subjective values ensure the correctness of the rating scale's formation and conversion of the values of quality characteristics in the form of ratings in the corresponding values expressed at least in the scale of intervals.

The need for a systems approach to the study of the robustness of techniques of performing measurements is evaluated. A model of losses of robustness of a measurement method by means of which the complete set of external and internal influencing factors may be identified is proposed based on a process model. Factors responsible for losses of robustness of the first and second kind are identified. Algorithms for identification and analysis of loss factors as well as control of these factors, including the application of Taguchi methods, are evaluated A conception of a complex technique of studying a measurement method on the stage of validation is proposed.

The necessity for scientific and methodical study of methods for monitoring the characteristics of flameresistance of building structures has the highest priority in the field of fire safety. The aim of this work was to provide the required degree of reliability of the results of quality control of flame-resistant coatings of building structures and high efficiency of decisions due to the risk-based approach to the development of control methods. Substantiated risk-based approach to the development of methods of control, involving the consideration on the basis of process model, control flame-resistance of building object in all possible potential problems that can cause the risk of incorrect decision-making. A model of the risks arising from the control of the flameretardant coating thickness has been developed. Two major risk groups have been identified. The first group is related to the uncertainty of coating thickness measurement at a single control point. The second group of risks is related to the unrepresentativeness of selective control over the entire surface of the construction object as a whole Potential risk sources have been identified for each group. For the entire range of sources of particular risks the results of studies of the mechanisms of their manifestation, the estimated degree of influence on the accuracy of the control of compliance of flame-retardant coating thickness requirements. The analysis is carried out on the basis of both theoretical and experimental statistical studies on a number of construction projects. According to the results of the analysis of all particular risks of control unreliability, rational ways of their minimization in the form of technical or organizational and technical measures, which are refl in the developed project of the control method, are proposed. Project control method was built on the basis of a agreed scheme of control of the thickness of the fl coating of building structures sequentially the three parties. Formulated and solved the task of the metrological control of the thickness of the flame-retardant coating as indirect measurement methods non-destructive thickness measurements. Theoretical and applied aspects of the process of flame-retardant coating thickness control of building structures under conditions of high risk of making incorrect decisions on the results of control are considered.

One of key elements of an engineering component quality management system of process of provision of sports and improving services in gyms is the subsystem of diagnostics of physical client state. The aim of the study was to increase in efficiency of functioning of a quality management system of process of provision of sports and improving services in gyms due to development of techniques of incorrect estimation of the initial client state. The task of formation of a complex of indices of the initial status by criterion of necessary informtiveness is formulated. The principle of the functional interchangeability as a methodological basis for its decision is reasonable. The hierarchical structure of an integral assessment of the initial client state of gym is offered. On its basis the hierarchical model of rating of informtiveness of a complex of the single (measured) indices, the providing objectivity of an integral assessment of the initial status is developed. The correctness of model is provided at the expense of a formulation of a complex of assumptions and original technology of application of different methods of expert estimation. The result of simulation of informtiveness of an integral assessment of the initial client state for a specific type of service and the purposes of physical enhancement includes: 1) library of sets of single indices, for each of which the technique and a monitoring aid, and also an informtiveness assessment in points, 2) the rules of support of the functional interchangeability of alternative complexes of indices by criterion of sufficiency of informtiveness of a complex based on additive models and the accepted restrictions is defined. The concept of a technique of formation of a complex of the measured and (or) evaluated indices of the initial client state for the specific type of sports and improving service adapted under material opportunities of gym on the one hand, and responding to criterion of necessary informtiveness and the principle of the functional interchangeability, on the other hand is offered.

One of key elements of an engineering component quality management system of process of provision of sports and improving services in gyms is the subsystem of diagnostics of physical client state. The aim of the study was to increase in efficiency of functioning of a quality management system of process of provision of sports and improving services in gyms due to development of techniques of incorrect estimation of the initial client state. The task of formation of a complex of indices of the initial status by criterion of necessary informtiveness is formulated. The principle of the functional interchangeability as a methodological basis for its decision is reasonable. The hierarchical structure of an integral assessment of the initial client state of gym is offered. On its basis the hierarchical model of rating of informtiveness of a complex of the single (measured) indices, the providing objectivity of an integral assessment of the initial status is developed. The correctness of model is provided at the expense of a formulation of a complex of assumptions and original technology of application of different methods of expert estimation. The result of simulation of informtiveness of an integral assessment of the initial client state for a specific type of service and the purposes of physical enhancement includes: 1) library of sets of single indices, for each of which the technique and a monitoring aid, and also an informtiveness assessment in points, 2) the rules of support of the functional interchangeability of alternative complexes of indices by criterion of sufficiency of informtiveness of a complex based on additive models and the accepted restrictions is defined. The concept of a technique of formation of a complex of the measured and (or) evaluated indices of the initial client state for the specific type of sports and improving service adapted under material opportunities of gym on the one hand, and responding to criterion of necessary informtiveness and the principle of the functional interchangeability, on the other hand is offered.

The concept of risks management expert system in standardization, constructed on the basis of the process approach on a modular principle is offered. The algorithm of formation of expert system module is developed, allowing to put process of working out of state standard in operated conditions on criterion of the set risk level.

The question of necessity of development and implementation of the Knowledge management system within the accredit measuring (testing) laboratory is being discussed. The conception offered is the methodlogy of expert system creation based upon ontologies for subjective areas of activities in the measuring (testing) laboratory, built on the base of process approach with the module principle.

Necessity of system approach development to measurement modeling for the purpose of maintenance of the trust set level to their results is proved. The decision of a measuring problem subject to determined aim is considered as creation of models sequence: measurement process model and complex measuring channel model. As a demonstrative basis of maintenance of trust to result of measurements the complex of criteria of completeness and irredundant is formulated.

In article the concept of measurements result quality with uncertainty as information product is offered. Justification of need of system approach development to measurement modeling as process for the purpose of providing the set level of trust to their results is carried out. The formation concept of an evidential assessment model of degree of the measurements (tests) results trust, based on classical system provisions and process approaches is offered. The concept laid provisions of ISO 9000, according to which effective process can be formally controlled in two ways: 1) through the process structure (organizational component of the process); 2) through the quality of resources involved in converting or adding value (technical component of the process). If measured as organizational component, providing planning, implementing and constantly improving the measurement process under controlled conditions is regarded, for example accredited measurement (test) laboratory. The article proved, that a promising direction for constructing and improving the organizational component of the measurement process is to create a knowledge management system of the accredited measurement laboratory, built on the basis of the ontology modeling methodology of fuzzy linguistic data.

A two-stage method of intralaboratory research of characteristics of accuracy of the method of measurement of thermal conductivity was developed and implemented. The criterion determining the necessity of performing the second stage of research was formulated. The technique allows to identify sources influenced on the result of measurement of thermal conductivity, and also to control characteristics of the method (precision). Recommendations for research of the National reference unit of thermal conductivity were developed.

A two-stage method of intralaboratory research of characteristics of accuracy of the method of measurement of thermal conductivity was developed and implemented. The criterion determining the necessity of performing the second stage of research was formulated. The technique allows to identify sources influenced on the result of measurement of thermal conductivity, and also to control characteristics of the method (precision). Recommendations for research of the National reference unit of thermal conductivity were developed.