Расчет экономической эффективности с учетом продуктивности возделывания сельскохозяйственных культур позволяет выбирать лучший вариант и решать задачи оптимизации системы управления на стадии ее проектирования, что в условиях многолетнего дефицита на водные ресурсы имеет важное значение для орошаемого земледелия юга России. Программа исследований предусматривала проведение полевого опыта в трехкратной повторности с размещением опытных делянок систематическим методом. Исследования проводили с целью изучения режимов орошения, позволившего обосновать диапазон изменения планируемой обеспеченности как при наличии дефицита исследуемого фактора, так и при необходимом и достаточном уровнях влажности расчетного слоя почвы. Изучены режим орошения, структура и динамика водного баланса и влажности почвы орошаемого поля различных сельскохозяйственных культур: пшеницы, кукурузы, картофеля, лука, свеклы, сои и моркови. Определены количество поливов, поливная и оросительная нормы, начальные и конечные влагозапасы, осадки, эвапотранспирация. Рассматриваемая система эксплуатации орошаемого агроландшафта по показателям абсолютной величины годового экономического эффекта, коэффициенту эффективности и сроку окупаемости капитальных вложений при сопоставлении с нормативными значениями считается экономически эффективной.

Оценена эффективность прецизионного орошения на мелиорируемых землях в условиях дефицита доступных водных ресурсов, направленных на ресурсосбережение и повышение плодородия почв аридной зоны юга России. Полевые исследования в 2019 – 2020 гг. проводили в Ростовской области на орошаемых землях. Климат района характеризуется как засушливый и вместе с тем недостаточно жаркий. Распределение осадков в период вегетации озимой пшеницы происходит крайне неравномерно. Все эти особенности климата создают значительные трудности при возделывании озимой пшеницы. Почвы опытного участка по всему профилю представлены в основном суглинками тяжелыми. Содержание гумуса в пахотном слое (0,3 м) составляет 3,7 %, мощность гумусового горизонта — до 0,65 м. В ходе исследований определяли запасы влаги в слое почвы 0 – 20 и 0 – 100 см перед и после посева по вариантам опыта и густоту стояния озимой пшеницы. Показано, что в вариантах с прецизионным орошением запасы продуктивной влаги при посеве озимой пшеницы по непаровому предшественнику были выше в среднем на 1,9 – 2,8 мм и обеспечили получение всходов озимой пшеницы выше в среднем на 13 – 23 шт./м2. Выявлена эффективность использования прецизионного орошения и внесения минеральных удобрений, которое наглядно показало свои преимущества по сравнению с традиционными технологиями орошения.

Любое применение различных видов удобрений влечет за собой накопление их в почве, растениях, животных, питающихся этими растениями, и соответственно в организме человека. Определена возможность снижения химической нагрузки на агроценоз при использовании различных видов органических удобрений и перехода от интенсивного земледелия к экологическому. Исследования проводили в 2019 – 2021 гг. в Ростовской области на растениях основной и сидеральной культур. Определена динамика массы клубней по фазам вегетации картофеля летнего срока посадки сорта Каратоп. Рассчитана экономическая эффективность применения различных видов удобрений как совместно, так и по отдельности, а также рассмотрен вариант, не предусматривающий внесение питательных веществ в почву. Установлена динамика элементов питания в пахотном горизонте по вариантам исследований с учетом различных периодов вегетации культуры и сезонных изменений агроценоза. Применение только органических удобрений ведет к снижению урожайности на 9,5 т/га. При отказе от внесения питательных веществ урожайность составила в среднем 35,3 т/га, что на 17,8 т/га меньше средней урожайности на наиболее продуктивном варианте. Для достижения наибольших показателей урожайности картофеля следует строить систему питания так, чтобы в нее входили и органические, и минеральные удобрения. При таком применнии доходность от проводимых мероприятий более чем в 2 раза превышала затраты на получение продукции, показатель рентабельности составил 204,7 %.

Представлены результаты полевых исследований по изучению влияния различных доз минеральных удобрений на урожайность зерна кукурузы, возделываемой на орошаемых землях на фоне последействия органических удобрений. Исследования проводили в 2019 – 2021 гг. на опытном участке хозяйства Ростовской области. Полевой опыт включал: 1 вариант (контроль) — минеральные удобрения вносили расчетной дозой под планируемую урожайность 10 т/га зерна кукурузы; 2 и 3 варианты — дозы минеральных удобрений увеличивали соответственно на 10 и 20 % от расчетной; 4 и 5 варианты — дозы удобрений сокращали соответственно на 10 и 20 % от расчетной. В контроле с внесением дозы удобрений под планируемую урожайность фактическая урожайность составила 10,1 т/га. В вариантах 2 и 3 прибавки урожайности составили 3 и 7 % соответственно. В варианте 4 получено 8,6 т/га, что на 17 % меньше, чем в контроле. В варианте 5 недобор урожайности составил 1,5 т/га или 9 % по сравнению с контролем. Улучшение системы питания кукурузы, возделываемой в условиях орошения, за счет внесения минеральных и последействия органических удобрений оказало положительное влияние на ее продуктивность.

Purpose: to carry out hydraulic studies and calculations of a reserve spillway structure (broad-crested weir) of a rockfill dam. Materials and methods. Current studies show that in open channels the regime of fluid movement can be different, and the boundary surfaces of the channel in some cases should be considered as hydraulically smooth, in others – as hydraulically rough. The broad-crested weir of rectangular and trapezoidal section is considered. To determine the experimental discharge coefficient of the reserve spillway of an earth rockfill dam, the known dependences for unflooded broad-crested obtained by A. R. Berezinsky and D. I. Kumin were used. Results. Based on the results of comparing the calculated flow coefficients with the experimental data of other authors, close values with the data of A. R. Berezinsky and D. N. Kumin were obtained. At the same time, the values of the discharge coefficients of the water discharge according to Berezinsky and Kumin are in the range of 0.339 and 0.324, which confirms their compliance and high accuracy. The results of the calculation of the filtration flow rate through the rockfill of the dam with a reserve spillway are the filtration flow rates in the range of 726.81–2260.76 m³/s. Conclusions. The performed calculations showed that the values of the discharge coefficients of the weir of a trapezoidal section correspond to the data obtained by A. R. Berezinsky and D. I. Kumin. At the same time, the values of the spillway discharge coefficients by Berezinsky and Kumin are within acceptable limits, which confirms their compliance. The average flow velocities passing through the broad-crested weir were: for profile 1 – 3.76 m/s, for profile 2 – 0.612 m/s, for profile 3 – 2.13 m/s.

Purpose: to conduct research and develop an algorithm for soil water regime modeling on reclaimed fields of reclamation systems of double regulation (drainage-humidification, drainage-irrigation) for the subsequent development of information and software tools ensuring the possibility of operational regulation of water regimes of soils on reclaimed agricultural fields in various regions of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. The methodological and informational basis was formed by methods of collecting and processing information, methods of systematization, normative and technical documents, provisions for the information technologies development as well as existing means of information technology support for land reclamation tasks. Results. The simulation algorithm includes three stages: preparation for simulation, simulation itself, simulation results evaluation. At the modeling stage, the mode of water supply to the object (reclaimed field) by the surface method (sprinkling) and (or) by moistening (feeding) with groundwater was set, and then the moisture content at the object was calculated. At the stage of evaluating the modeling results, the terms, discharges and volumes supplied to the object by the surface method and by moistening the soil with groundwater were determined, and data on the results of the modeling were formed. To display the results visually, the main screen form of the water regimes modeling program in “Water consumer” control loop was developed. Conclusions. As a result of the research, the algorithm for water regime modeling in “Water consumer” control loop (reclaimed field) was developed. The developed algorithm makes it possible to regulate quickly the moisture storage in soil for given crop irrigation regimes due to sprinkling and (or) raising the groundwater level.

Purpose: analysis of the regulatory and legal tools aimed at creating conditions for the sustainable functioning of agro-industrial territories of advanced development (hereinafter – APTOR) based on the use of reclamation technologies within the framework of the current legislation of the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Analysis of the regulatory documentation in the field of agro-industrial sector made it possible to identify the required amendments to the legislation in the field of land reclamation in order to create the APTOR. Using the existing experience of the target direction of subjects with the status of advanced development territories, they proposed APTOR as a kind of variety based on reclamation technologies, the latter being a mechanism that stimulates the intensification of agricultural activity. It has been determined that the interaction of various subjects of state power and management on the creation of territories of advanced development is carried out in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current federal legislation. Conclusions. Currently, in the current legal framework of the Russian Federation, the projects to create advanced development territories, of which there are more than 100 today are being implemented. It is advisable to concretize the concept of “agro-industrial territory of advanced development” in a separate chapter of the current Federal Law no. 473 of December 29, 2014 “On Territories of Advanced Socio-Economic Development in the Russian Federation”.

Purpose: the development of a classification grouping ensuring the classification and indexation of standards and other regulatory and technical documents used in the reclamation complex, as well as finding ways to integrate it with the All-Russian and International Classificators of Standards. Materials and methods. The following materials were used as initial materials: the legislative framework of the Russian Federation, the database on standardization documentation, the materials of Russian researchers in the field of standardization and classification, and correspondence with experts. The following methods were used as methods of processing the initial information and developing a classification grouping: analysis, synthesis, logic, and classification. Results and discussion. Standards classification and indexation with the aim of their systematization is based on the use of classifiers of standards. Considering the standards used in the reclamation complex, including borrowed (used in related areas of activity), their belonging to various fields of standardization was found. The possibilities of maintaining the All-Russian and International Classificators of Standards can be considered insufficient, which makes the classification and indexation procedures impossible without the presence of a land reclamation field. The analysis of the requirements for the use of the International Classificator of Standards showed that additions are possible with the appropriate proposals through the ISO Central Secretariat. According to the requirements for classification and its elements, the classification of reclamation complex standards has been developed. Conclusions. Using the identified and developed requirements for the classification and its elements, the classification for documentation on standardization of the reclamation complex, which in this form can be presented as a proposal for including additions (changes) to the International Classificator of Standards.

Purpose: improving the methodology for creating reclamation systems based on a synthesis of the existing experience of their operation and the use of the latest scientific and technological achievements. Materials and methods. When conducting research, the provisions of the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation determining the requirements for the land reclamation development in the Russian Federation were used. The regulatory documents regulating the land reclamation systems activities, as well as scientific, technical, software, patent and other developments of the Russian Scientific Research Institute of Land Improvement Problems constituted a methodological basis. Results. A methodology for creating modern land reclamation systems, focused on solving the precision farming problems by using the latest scientific and technological achievements is proposed. The system-wide features of land reclamation systems requiring consideration in their creation and operation are identified. It is determined that modern projects of land reclamation systems should include the development of engineering and reclamation, technical, information technological, energy-saving, organizational, regulatory and other types of provisions. At the same time, engineering and reclamation support should be focused on solving the problems of precision farming associated with the use of reclamation technologies, and contribute to solving the problems of technical implementation of these systems and organizing water use for them. It is noted that the development of these support should be carried out in a single information space using a system approach. The work scope recommended for implementation when creating each of these types of support is formulated, a number of practical developments implementing them are proposed. Conclusions. The proposed methodology is aimed at creating modern reclamation systems focused on solving the problems of precision farming. It includes the stages of their creation, the work scope at these stages as well as examples of new technical solutions used.

The aim of the study is to search for methods to assess the efficiency of using regulatory documentation in the field of land reclamation. As part of the research, foreign and Russian practices of assessing the economic efficiency of applying standards in various sectors of the economy were studied. As a result of the study it was found that the Cobb – Douglas production function adjusted with consideration of contribution of scientific and technological progress is used to assess the impact of availability of a package of regulations including standards and normative and methodological documentation in various sectors of the national economy of a particular state on economic growth. The economic efficiency of regulatory documentation is expressed in saving resources used in production activities, improving product quality, improving production and operating conditions, reducing cases of employment injuries, and revenue growth due to increased competitiveness of standardized goods, works and services in global and domestic sales markets. Evaluation of the economic efficiency of standardization is based on the method of comparative analysis of various indicators measured without the use of the document being studied (a package of documents) and with its application. Such indicators as cost, labor productivity, changes in operating, material and financial costs, etc. are included as a part of fixed characteristics. The economic efficiency is determined taking into account the rate of development of various sectors of the national economy and a retrospective analysis of exogenous and endogenous political and socio-economic factors. The conclusion is made that the results of the study can be used by analogy of application in assessing the economic effects of the normative and methodological documentation application in the field of land reclamation.

Purpose: to study the effect of crop rotations with different water loads during cyclic irrigation on soil fertility in rice irrigation systems. Materials and methods. The object of the research is the meadow-chernozem soils of Bagaevsky district Rostov region, which are developed in five crop rotations with different rice saturations from 60 to 25 % and, therefore, different water loads. A fallow that has not been developed for more than 10 years has been taken as control. Analysis and evaluation of the results of the study of soil and water samples were carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results and discussion. The studied properties of meadow chernozem soils after rice crop rotations with different water loads indicate an increase in the negative processes in variants with rice saturation of more than 50 %. So, in the variant with an annual irrigation rate of 14000 cubic meters per hectare, due to 65 % rice saturation in a six-field crop rotation, the water tables were located at a depth of 135 cm, the total salt content in the layer 0–40 cm compared to the control (fallow) increased by 63 %, and in the meter deep layer by 91 %. In the soil absorption complex (SAC) of this soil, the amount of exchangeable sodium reached 14 % with a decrease in calcium content to 55 % of the amount of SAC. In the control these indicators amounted to 4 and 71 % of the SAC sum, respectively. The soil has become very compacted, has lost water resistance and microostructure of aggregates. The decrease in the total humus content compared to the control was 43 %. Conclusions. To preserve soil fertility in rice irrigation systems, crop rotations with rice saturation less than 50 % should be introduced, and the frequency of irrigation during cyclic irrigation should be two to three years.

The aim of the study is to search for the best solutions for reclamation parks management companies formation based on modern practice in the field of irrigation systems. The need for the above optimization is due to a sharp increase of the effective functioning of reclamation parks and their competitiveness in the context of the current economic realities of the Russian Federation in the case of the practical application of the solutions identified. The development of the agro-industrial complex on land reclamation basis is a priority sector of state support for the national economy, ensuring food and economic security of the country. A comparative analysis applied in the research process allowed to identify the identical criteria in the functioning of management companies of land reclamation parks and institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. At the same time, it was revealed that the degree of identity of the compared objects is close to absolute. In the course of the conducted analysis it was found that the land reclamation agencies subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia possess the practical and scientific-methodological basis for the creation and operation of irrigation systems necessary for the effective functioning of the reclamation parks management companies in the form of working personnel with appropriate qualifications and developed infrastructure. In order to ensure the effective management of reclamation parks, the functions of management companies should be entrusted to institutions with practical experience in the field of specialized competencies. The practical application of such an effective tool for the reclamation parks management is possible if there is an appropriate regulatory-legal framework governing the activities in the field of reclamation parks.

The aim of the research was the study of the irrigation systems and their elements design features using information technology support and the development of scientific-technical and methodological approaches to their creation and application. Material and Methods. Typical design solutions for water intake structures of irrigation systems were used as the starting material for research. Results. The conclusion on feasibility of their implementation using the means of information-technological support for design goals is drawn. The structure of the software package “Design of water intake structures of irrigation systems” was developed. It included special blocks: the formation of the initial data, the selection of typical design solutions, binding to the object, calculations, documents. In addition, a number of system and service blocks: dictionaries and reference books, archives, files, help was included. The conclusion is made that the package effective operation depends largely not only on quality of solving their own special problems of designing water intake structures, but also on the results of solving other problems contained in the tasks of other participants of reclamation complex. Therefore, the need to apply a systematic approach to solving this problem was formulated. The main positions of this approach include the need to use common databases, dictionaries, reference books, terms, software interfaces, etc. Hence, additional information technology resources ensuring its implementation were included in the structure of the software package. Conclusion. The proposed structure of the program complex for designing water intake structures, as well as the requirements for its blocks, can be used as a methodological basis for the development of other software systems implemented in the framework of solving the problems of creating “digital” land reclamation.

Российский научно-исследовательский

The possibility of humidity determination based on the use of spectral distributions in the wavelength range of up to 1 µm is analyzed. We discuss the use of an imaging hyperspectrometer for precision farming. A field experiment to determine the soil moisture index under the vegetation cover is described. A procedure of precise calibration of the hyperspectrometer based on the use of a tunable laser is described. We show the possibility of the practical determination of humidity based on the use of spectra in the wavelength range of up to 1 µm.

The effect of regular and periodic irrigation on the fertility and productivity of an ordinary chernozem cultivated under different conditions within the same cereal-fodder crop rotation is discussed. The investigation object is located in the area of the Azov irrigation system on the second terrace of the Don River in Rostov oblast. Irrigation water for the system is taken from the Veselovsk water reservoir. Its salinity is 1.7–2.1 g/dm 3 , and the salt composition is sulfate–sodium. The field experiments were performed in 2006–2013 on three experimental plots. Two of them were regularly irrigated; the third plot was periodically irrigated with alternation of 2-year-long periods with and without irrigation. Our study proved that periodic irrigation could be applied in the chernozemic zone. This new irrigation mode contributes to the preservation of the natural soil-forming process and stops the development of unfavorable processes typical of the lands irrigated with water of inadequate quality. In eight years of cultivation of the ordinary chernozem with periodic irrigation, the soil humus content increased by 10% (from 3.80 to 4.15%), and the yield reached 66.0 t/ha of fodder units. This was 9% higher than the yield obtained upon regular irrigation without agroameliorative measures and 12% lower than the yield upon regular irrigation in combination with soil-protective measures. Our data suggest that periodic irrigation is promising for the chernozemic zone, because it ensures lower water loads and preservation of the irrigated chernozems.