Fertilizers applied during 85 years in the grain–beet crop rotation provided the most significant (by 12.0– 71.0% to control) an increase in the yield of barley and annual grasses using only the aftereffect of fertilizers, with direct action – sugar beet in the steam link (by 20.9–39.9%). There was a significant increase in the productivity of 1 ha of arable land (by 16.3–35.7% relative to the option without fertilizers). It is proved that an increase in the fertilizer saturation of 1 ha of crop rotation area per 1 kg of NPK increased the yield of sugar beet to the greatest extent, and oats and winter wheat in the clover link to the least. The highest productivity of 1 ha of arable land was provided by a system that included double application in the crop rotation of N135P135K135 for sugar beet in combination with manure of 25 t/ha in a pair (saturation with fertilizers – N30P30K30 + manure 2.8 t/ha).

The effect of fertilizers and soil tillage on the photosynthesis productivity of winter wheat and sugar beet crops was studied in a stationary field experiment on leached chernozem of the Central Chernozem region. It was found that a significant increase in crop yield is achieved by optimizing soil tillage and fertilization, as well as by increasing the total area of the leaf surface, the photosynthetic productivity of which decreased per unit of leaf surface.

Aim of the investigations was to reveal changers in soil fertility and yield of main crops in a grain-arable crop rotation with fertilizer effect in 1st rotation (short -term application) and 10th rotation (long-term application) under conditions of the Central Black-Earth Region. The work was performed in a long-term field experiment using low-humic leached chernozem under conditions of Voronezh region. The data of 1936–1945 (1st crop rotation) and 2018–2022 (10th rotation) years were analyzed. The experiment scheme including saturation of 1 ha of arable land with fertilizers: without fertilizers, N10P10K10 + 2.8 t/ha of manure, N20P20K20 + 2.8 t/ha of manure, N30P30K30 + 2.8 т t/ha of manure, and N10P10K10 + 5.6 t/ha of manure. Change of soil fertility in the layer of 0–20 cm from 1 to 10 rotation under influence of fertilizers appeared as increase of hydrolytic acidity (by 5.26… 83.3 %), exchange K2O content (by 18.9…74.4 %), cation exchange capacity (by 27.8…35.7 %) and mobile P2O5 (by 7.81…9.00 %) (when using N20P20K20 + 2,8 t/ha of manure and N30P30K30 + 2,8 t/ha of manure); also, decrease of humus content by 0.41…0.73 %, N-NO3 by 25.3…47.7 % and P2O5 by 13.3–31.6 % in the control and in the variants with N10P10K10 + 2.8 or 5.6 t/ha of manure was noted. Long-term application of fertilizers in a crop rotation improved grain yield of barley by 11.3…50.1 %, oats by 4.0…51.2 %, winter wheat by13.4…30.6 % and sugar beet roots by 15.0…36.7 %, and reduced green mass of a clover 6.1…23.0 %. But, in addition, it increased by-products’ yield of each crop by 6.1…23.0 %. Productivity of the fertilized arable land per 1 ha increased by 3.30…18.3 % from 1st to 10th rotation (minus yield improvement by 0.96 thousand grain units/ha due to cultivation of more productive modern varieties). Long-term application of N30P30K30 + 2.8 т t/ha of manure ensured the greatest level of crop rotation soil fertility and productivity. This was achieved by twice-repeated application of N135P135K135 for sugar beet and one application of 25 t/ha of manure in fallow during 9-field crop rotation.

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in soil fertility and yields of main crops in a grain–beat crop rotation system as a result of long-term (ten rotation cycles) application of fertilizers in the Central Black Earth Region. Field works were conducted in Voronezh oblast on a low-humic leached chernozem soil. Changes that have occurred over the period from the first rotation cycle (1936–1945) to the tenth rotation cycle (2018–2022) were analyzed. The experiment involved the following variants: (1) control (no fertilizers), (2) N10P10K10 + manure (2.8 t/ha), (3) N20P20K20 + manure (2.8 t/ha), (4) N30P30K30 + manure (2.8 t/ha), and (5) N10P10K10 + manure (5.6 t/ha). The following changes in soil fertility occurred in the 0–20-cm layer over the period from the first to the tenth rotation cycle due to the effect of fertilizers: (1) in variants with the application of N20P20K20 + manure (2.8 t/ha) and N30P30K30 + manure (2.8 t/ha), hydrolytic soil acidity (Hh) increased by 5.26–83.3

In the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Black Earth Region in 1985–2021, in the steam link of the fruit-replaceable 9-pole crop rotation, the influence of dump, dumpless and combined soil treatments on non-ventilated and fertilized (N59P59K59 + manure 11 t/ha of crop rotation area) backgrounds was studied. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of basic tillage and fertilizer systems on the physico-chemical properties of the soil in 4 rotations. The soil is leached heavy loamy medium-sized chernozem with a humus content of 5.3–5.6% in the arable layer, with an average supply of nutrients and optimal physical properties. During the first 2 rotations, the pHKCl indicator decreased by 0.04–0.46 units relative to the initial one. In the 4th rotation, the actual acidity was 6.06–6.18 units. Minimal changes in acidity were noted during combined tillage. In the 4th rotation, with combined tillage, the amount of absorbed bases increased to the greatest extent (by 10–12%). Physico-chemical properties in winter wheat crops were more favorable than in sugar beet crops. Soil buffering in the 4th rotation tended to increase compared to the 2nd rotation. The multi-depth dump treatment increased the buffering of the chernozem.

The use of fertilizers in the grain-beet crop rotation for 85 years significantly changed the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem, which were most pronounced in the optimization of the phosphate regime of the soil and least of all – potash. Fertilization changed the nitrogen regime and physico-chemical properties of the soil to a greater extent in a layer of 20–40 cm than –20 cm. It was found that the content of P2O5 in the soil under crops of grain crops was higher than under sugar beet crops, and K2O and pHKCl were less. The greatest changes in the agrochemical properties of the soil under sugar beet crops were noted when using N190P190K190, cereals – with the aftereffect of N135P135K135 + manure 25 t/ha.

Исследования проведены в стационарном опыте ВНИИСС, заложенном в 1985 г. с целью выявить влияние удобрений и систем основной обработки почвы на структурно-агрегатный состав, водопрочность почвенных агрегатов и содержание питательных веществ в почве плодосменного севооборота. Установлено, что они были наиболее благоприятными при комбинированной и отвальной обработках почвы в севообороте, как в посевах сахарной свеклы, так и озимой пшеницы. Вносимые удобрения несколько ухудшали структуру пахотного слоя почвы, так как наблюдалась более резкая дифференциация по ее слоям. The studies were carried out in the stationary experiment of VNIISS, founded in 1985 in order to establish the effect of fertilizers and basic tillage systems on the structural-aggregate composition, water resistance of soil aggregates, nutrient content in the soil of crop rotation. It has been established that they were the most favorable for combined and moldboard tillage in crop rotation, both in sugar beet and winter wheat crops. The applied fertilizers somewhat worsened the structure of the arable soil layer, as a sharper differentiation was observed in soil layers.

The investigations conducted in 2019-2021 revealed an e ect of fertilizer levels on domestic and foreign sugar beet hybrids’ yield and peculiarities of NPK consumption from soil and fertilizers under conditions of the Central Black- Earth Region. Fertilizer systems with a high degree of nutrient elements’ saturation (N135P135K135 for sugar beet in combination with 25 t/ha of manure in a fallow, and N120P120K120 for sugar beet in combination with 50 t/ha of manure in a fallow) provided a high beet root yield of domestic sugar beet hybrids (43.2-45.1 t/ha) comparable to the one of the foreign hybrid (48.3-51.6 t/ha). The fertilizer level e ect appeared as a substantial improvement of the domestic hybrids’ productivity per 1 ha (by 20.7-59.4 % as compared to the variant without fertilizers), whereas this parameter of the foreign hybrid yield showed less increase (by 9.00-22.3 %). In variants with fertilizers, yield of dry matter by the crop main product of RMS 120 and RMS 127 was similar to that of Mitika hybrid (11.9-15.3 and 13.5-15.1, t/ha accordingly). The domestic hybrids generally use NPK fertilizers; the foreign one consumes nutrient elements of soil mostly. This worsens ecological conditions of elds (except K2O which consumption by domestic hybrids, especially RMS 127, is more intensive). To obtain maximum yields it is recommended to apply N135P135K135+25 t/ha of manure for both hybrids Mitika, RMS 120 and RMS 127, and also N90P90K90+25 t/ha of manure for RMS 127. To calculate doses of fertilizers for planned yield obtaining, it is recommended to use the following standard removal values per 1 ton of the main product: 3.80 kg/t of N, 1.40 kg/t of P2O5 and 4.18 kg/t of K2O, when cultivating the hybrid of RMS 120; 3.44, 1.24 and 3.83 kg/t, accordingly, when cultivating the hybrid of RMS 127; and 3.14, 1.09 and 2.97 kg/t, accordingly, when cultivating the hybrid of Mitika

The goal of the study is to determine the effectiveness of foliar fertilization with chelated and humate fertilizers in sugar beet crops under various methods of primary tillage. The work was carried out in 2019–2021 in Voronezh oblast. The experiment was designed to consider the following variants: tillage system (factor A): moldboard (deep plowing to a depth of 30–32 cm); no-till (deep flat-cutting preparation to a depth of 30–32 cm); hybrid (factor B): RMS 120 (VNIISS) and Mitica (Lion Seeds Ltd.); foliar fertilization with micronutrient fertilizers (factor C): without micronutrient fertilizers; micronutrients in the chelated form of Zdraven’-aqua; and micronutrients in the humate form of Biohumus. The soil is leached heavy loamy chernozem. The arable layer has 5.3–5.6

При повышенном количестве осадков российские гибриды сахарной свеклы способны обеспечить биологическую урожайность на уровне 46–62 т/га. В паровом звене наиболее урожайным был гибрид РМС 129, в клеверном – РМС 121 и РМС 127. На более высоком уровне удобренности в паровом звене урожайности корнеплодов повысилась на 3,9–48,3 % относительно контроля, в клеверном – на 9,4–31,0 %. Наибольшее влияние на продуктивность культуры в обеих звеньях оказала система N190P190K190. Under high rainfall level conditions, domestic sugar beet hybrids can ensure biological yield of 46-62 ton/ha. The most high-yielding hybrids were: RMS 129 in a fallow link, and RMS 121 and RMS 127 in a clover link. Increase of fertilizing level in the fallow link promoted more considerable improvement of beet root yield, by 3.9-48.3 % as compared to the control; as for the clover link, the improvement was less, by 9.4-31.0 %. The system of N190P190K190 had the greatest influence in both links.

Исследования проводили в стационарном опыте по внесению удобрений (год закладки – 1936) (пос. Рамонь, Воронежская обл.). Для изучения динамики урожайности сельхозкультур использованы данные 1 ротации зерносвекловичного севооборота (1936–1945 гг.) и 10 ротации (2018–2022 гг.). Установлено, что более чем 80-летнее использование удобрений в севообороте в наибольшей степени увеличивало урожайность зерна ячменя и овса (на 11,3–50,1 и 4,0–51,2 % соответственно), немного меньше – корнеплодов сахарной свеклы и зерна озимой пшеницы (на 15,0–36,7 и 13,4–30,6 % соответственно), уменьшало урожайность зеленой массы клевера. При этом произошел рост урожайности побочной продукции всех культур на 6,1–23,0 %, а продуктивность 1 га удобренной пашни (за вычетом роста урожайности вследствие возделывания более продуктивных современных сортов и гибридов) возрастала на 6,87–23,0 %. Наивысший уровень продуктивности севооборота обеспечивается при длительном использовании системы с насыщенностью 1 га пашни N30P30K30 + 2,8 т/га навоза, что достигается двукратным применением в течении ротации N135P135K135 под сахарную свеклу в сочетании с однократным использованием 25 т/га навоза в пару. The research was carried out in a stationary experiment on fertilization (the year of laying – 1936) (Ramon, Voronezh region). To study the dynamics of crop yields, data from 1 rotation of the grain-beet crop rotation (1936–1945) and 10th rotation (2018–2022) were used. It was established that more than 80-year use of fertilizers in a crop rotation improved yield of barley and oats grain (by 11.3–50.1 and 4.0–51.2 %, accordingly) the most greatly, and somewhat less the one of sugar beet roots and winter wheat grain (by 15.0–36.7 and 13.4–30.6 %, accordingly), but it reduced green mass of a clover. In addition, there was an increase of by-products’ yield of each crop by 6.1–23.0 %. Productivity of the fertilized arable land per 1 ha for this period increased by 3.30–18.3 % (minus yield improvement due to cultivation of more productive modern varieties and hybrids). The greatest level of crop rotation fertility and productivity under conditions of fertilizer long-term using is ensured when N30P30K30+2.8 т t/ha of manure is applied per 1 ha. This is achieve by twice application of N135P135K135 for sugar beet during crop rotation in combination with one application of 25 t/ha of manure in fallow.

Изучение динамики почвенного плодородия за 85-летний период применения удобрений в зерносвекловичном севообороте выявило значительное повышение содержания щелочногидролизуемого азота, подвижного фосфора, нитрификационной способности почвы на фоне небольшого подкисления, снижение содержания обменного кальция, увеличение – магния и гумуса. Данный уровень плодородия обеспечивал увеличение урожайности корнеплодов отечественного гибрида относительно контроля на 62,9–120 %, биологического сбора сахара – на 99,2–169 %. Самые высокие показатели продуктивности и почвенного плодородия отмечались на фоне системы удобрения, включающей N135P135K135 – под сахарную свеклу в сочетании с 25 т/га навоза в пару. Studying of soil fertility dynamics as a result of fertilizer application in a grain-beet crop rotation during 85 years revealed signifi cant content increase of alkaline hydrolysable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus and nitrifi cation capacity of soil in combination with some acidation, reduction of exchange calcium content and increase the one of magnesium and humus. This fertility level provided increase of beet root yield by 62.9-120 % and biological sugar yield by 99.2-169 %, as compared to the control. The greatest values of productivity and soil fertility were ensured by the fertilizing system of N135P135K135 for sugar beet together with 25 t/ha of manure in fallow.

This paper examines the aftereffect of fertilizers applied for a long time to sugar beet cultivated in a nine-field grain–black-fallow–row crop rotation system in the forest–steppe unstable moistening zone of the Central Black Earth Region on the fertility of leached chernozem soils under grain crops and their yield and quality. The experiment launched in 1936 includes the following fertilizer systems (per rotation): N90P90K90 + manure (25 t/ha), N180P180K180 + manure (25 t/ha), N270P270K270 + manure (25 t/ha), N300P300K300 + manure (50 t/ha), N380P380K380, and a variant without fertilizers (control). Mineral fertilizers are applied to sugar beet twice per rotation; manure is applied to the black fallow field once per rotation. The most significant changes in agrochemical characteristics of the leached chernozem soil (0–40-cm layer) caused by the effects of mineral fertilizers and manure were noted under winter wheat (the P2O5 content increased by 21.3–77.2%, the total mineral nitrogen content (N-NO3 + N-NH4) by 8.1–133.2%, and pHKCl by 0.07–0.37), while the least significant changes were under oats (the P2O5 content increased by 16.3–44.4%). Soil saturation with fertilizers increases the oat productivity to the greatest extent (by 12.2–65.5% in comparison with the control); the effect on barley and winter wheat in the black fallow link is somewhat less (13.0–59.1% and 7.37–57.6%, respectively); and the effect on winter wheat in the clover link is the least significant (29.9–47.8%). The aftereffect of fertilizers increases the protein content by 0.5–1.0% in oat grains and by 0.6–1.8% in barley grains in comparison with the control. A significant positive correlation between the amount of applied fertilizer elements and the yield capacity of barley, oats, and winter wheat was registered in both crop rotation links (r = 0.67–0.95). The following fertilization systems ensure the highest productivity of the grain–black-fallow–row crop rotation system in combination with a satisfactory quality of wheat, barley, and oat grains: (1) N135P135K135 applied to sugar beet twice per rotation + manure applied to the black fallow field (25 t/ha) and (2) N190P190K190 applied to sugar beet twice per rotation (without manure). The additional yield reaches 14.4–16.8 kg of grain per 1 kg of NPK.

Variety-specific technologies of cultivation of modern sugar beet hybrids should provide an effective weed control. According to the agronomical and economic assessments, the most profitable cultivation technology for domestic RMS 120 and RMS 127 hybrids includes double or thrice-repeated application of Goltix in a tank mix with betanal- group herbicides; in the case of the foreign Mitika hybrid, the maximum effect is observed for the thrice-repeated treatment with Caribou or Goltix combined with betanal-based fungicides.

Трехкратное применение таких гербицидов, как Карибу в дозе 0,02 кг/га или Голтикс в дозе 1,0 л/га в сочетании с рекомендованными нормами препаратов бетанальной группы: Бетанал Эксперт ОФ – 1,0 л/га, Бетанал 22 – 1,2 л/га, Бетанал 22 – 1,0 л/га обеспечивало формирование наибольшей площади листовой поверхности растений и наиболее интенсивный прирост массы корнеплода в течение вегетации. Данные комбинации гербицидов позволяют достичь высокой продуктивности культуры при рекомендованных сроках убор- ки в условиях зоны неустойчивого увлажнения Центрально- Черноземного региона. The triple use of herbicides such as Caribou in the dose of 0.02 kg/ha or Goltix in the dose of 1.0 l/ha in combination with the recommended doses of betanal group herbicides (Betanal Expert OF – 1.0 l/ ha, Betanal 22 – 1.2 l/ha, and Betanal 22 – 1.0 l/ha) provided the highest area of the leaf plant surface and the most intensive increase of a beet root mass during vegetation period. These combinations of herbicides allow obtaining high sugar beet productivity at the recommended harvesting dates under conditions of the Central Black-Earth Region unstable rainfall area.

Длительное применение минеральных удобрений и навоза в зерносвекловичном севообороте изменяло показатели эффективного плодородия (особенно содержание P2O5) чернозема выщелоченного под озимой пшеницей в звене с паром и под ячменем. Это способствовало увеличению урожайности зерна озимой пшеницы на 7,38–57,7 % (0,27–2,11 т/га) и ячменя на 13,0–59,1 % (0,39–1,78 т/га) относительно неудобренного варианта. Наибольшую прибавку урожайности зерна озимой пшеницы обеспечивало применение N135P135K135 + 25 т/га на- воза и N190P190K190, ячменя – также и N90P90K90 + 25 т/га навоза. Long-term application of mineral fertilizers and manure in a grain-beet crop rotation changed effective fertility indices (particularly P2O5 content) of leached blackearth soil under winter wheat in a link with fallow and barley. This promoted increase of grain yield by 7.38–57.7 % (0.27– 2.11 t/ha) for winter wheat and by 13.0–59.1 % (0.39– 1.78 t/ha) for barley as compared to the unfertilized variant. Using N135P135K135 + 25 t/ha of manure and N190P190K190 for winter wheat, and for barley, N90P90K90 + 25 t/ha of manure as well ensured the greatest increase of grain yields.