В статье представлен сопоставительный анализ речевых формул двух контактирующих языков, рассмотрен ряд отличий русского и вьетнамского речевого этикета. Проведен анализ типичных ошибок, возникающих в речи вьетнамских студентов вследствие межъязыковой интерференции. Выявлены следующие факторы влияния родного языка на русский: несовпадение ряда речевых клише, наличие местоимений вьетнамского языка, происходящих от терминов родства и определяющих выбор формы обращения на русском языке, национальная форма обращения, неиспользование сослагательного наклонения во вьетнамском языке в прагматических целях для выражения желания, вопроса, совета.

Objective: to assess safety, responses rate and duration, progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma receiving vinflunine as second-line therapy in routine clinical practice, after additional patient recruitment.Materials and methods. This retrospective observational multicenter study included medical data of 34 patients with verified advanced urothelial carcinoma receiving vinflunine for tumor progression after first-line chemotherapy in 11 Russian clinical centers from March 23, 2013 to June 3, 2017. The median age of the patients was 60 (44–81) years. ECOG performance status was 0 in 2 (5.9 %), ECOG 1 – in 21 (61.7 %), ECOG 2 – in 9 (26.5 %), and ECOG 3 – in 2 (5.9 %) patients. Visceral metastases were present in 14 (41.2 %), non-visceral – in 20 (58.8 %) cases. Anemia was recorded in 20 (58.8 %) patients. According to Bellmunt scale 2 (5.9 %) patients had none risk factors, 6 (17.6 %) had 1 risk factor, 18 (52.9 %) and 8 (23.5 %) had 2 and 3 risk factors, respectively. Initial vinflunine dosage was 320 mg/m2 in 6 (17.6 %) patients, 280 mg/m2 in 22 (64.8 %) or 250 mg/m2 in 6 (17.6 %). Patient received a median of 4 (1–10) cycles of therapy.Results. Adverse events (AE) were recorded in 33 (97.1 %) cases. The most frequent were general (70.6 %), hematologic (58.8 %), and gastrointestinal AE (41.1 %). Most AE were grades I–II and well-controlled. There were no deaths caused by adverse events. The best response was assessed as complete in 1 (2.9 %), partial – in 5 (14.7 %), stabilization – in 19 (55.9 %), and progression – in 9 (26.5 %) of the 34 patients. Complete response duration was 9.0 months, median partial response duration was 8.0 months (95 % confidence interval (CI) 5.5–13.0); median stabilization duration – 3.5 months (95 % CI 0.7–12.8). Median progression-free and overall survival were 3.9 (95 % CI 3.5‒4.3) and 6.4 (95 % CI 0.1–17.0) months, respectively. Univariate analysis indicated that the low somatic ECOG status and the initial vinflunine dosage of 250 mg/m2 had adverse impact on overall survival.Conclusion. The efficacy and safety of vinflunine as second-line therapy for first-line chemotherapy-resistant advanced urothelial carcinoma in unselected patients are similar to the results of Phase III randomized trial and early results of the Russian observational study.

Objective: to investigate the safety of vinflunine, the rate and duration of its treatment response, progression-free and overall survival rates in patients receiving this drug in routine clinical practice for first-line chemotherapy (CT) – resistant disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract. Materials and methods. This retrospective observational multicenter study included data on 25 patients with verified disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract who took vinflunine for tumor progression after first-line CT performed in 11 Russian clinical centers in 23 March 2013 to 26 June 2016. The median age of the patients was 60 (44‒81) years. Their baseline somatic status was rated as ECOG 0 in 1 (4.0 %) patient, ECOG 1 in 13 (52.0 %) patients, EGOG 2 in 9 (36.0 %), and ECOG 3 in 2 (8.0 %). The most common sites of tumor foci were bones (n = 14, 56.0 %), lymph nodes of different groups (n = 14; 56.0 %), and lung (n = 9; 36.0 %). Results. Adverse reactions were recorded in 24 (96.0 %) cases. The most common types of toxicity were asthenia (n = 19; 76.0 %), anemia (n = 18; 72.0 %), neutropenia (n = 13; 52 %), and nausea (n = 12; 48.0 %). Most adverse events were grades I–II and well controlled. There were no deaths due to adverse events. The best treatment response was regarded as partial in 6 (24.0 %) patients; stabilization and progression were observed in 10 (40.0 %) and 9 (36.0 %) patients, respectively. The median duration of partial response was 5.1 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.6–15.0) months; that of stabilization was 3.4 (95 % CI, 1.2–6.3) months. In all the 25 cases, the median progression-free and overall survival rates were 3.7 (95 % CI, 2.1‒5.3) and 6.5 (95 % CI, 5.2‒7.8) months, respectively. The somatic status was a predictor of overall survival (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. The efficacy and safety of vinflunine in second-line therapy for first-line CT-resistant disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract in unselected patients agree with those previously observed in Phase III randomized trial.

Objective: to investigate the safety of vinflunine, the rate and duration of its treatment response, progression-free and overall survival rates in patients receiving this drug in routine clinical practice for first-line chemotherapy (CT) – resistant disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract.Materials and methods. This retrospective observational multicenter study included data on 25 patients with verified disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract who took vinflunine for tumor progression after first-line CT performed in 11 Russian clinical centers in 23 March 2013 to 26 June 2016. The median age of the patients was 60 (44‒81) years. Their baseline somatic status was rated as ECOG 0 in 1 (4.0 %) patient, ECOG 1 in 13 (52.0 %) patients, EGOG 2 in 9 (36.0 %), and ECOG 3 in 2 (8.0 %). The most common sites of tumor foci were bones (n = 14, 56.0 %), lymph nodes of different groups (n = 14; 56.0 %), and lung (n = 9; 36.0 %).Results. Adverse reactions were recorded in 24 (96.0 %) cases. The most common types of toxicity were asthenia (n = 19; 76.0 %), anemia (n = 18; 72.0 %), neutropenia (n = 13; 52 %), and nausea (n = 12; 48.0 %). Most adverse events were grades I–II and well controlled. There were no deaths due to adverse events. The best treatment response was regarded as partial in 6 (24.0 %) patients; stabilization and progression were observed in 10 (40.0 %) and 9 (36.0 %) patients, respectively. The median duration of partial response was 5.1 (95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.6–15.0) months; that of stabilization was 3.4 (95 % CI, 1.2–6.3) months. In all the 25 cases, the median progression-free and overall survival rates were 3.7 (95 % CI, 2.1‒5.3) and 6.5 (95 % CI, 5.2‒7.8) months, respectively. The somatic status was a predictor of overall survival (p < 0.0001).Conclusion. The efficacy and safety of vinflunine in second-line therapy for first-line CT-resistant disseminated transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract in unselected patients agree with those previously observed in Phase III randomized trial.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was used to detect tumor cells in the urine sediment of patients diagnosed as having urinary bladder cancer (UBC). For this, the investigators applied a fluorescence DNA probe kit (UroVysion) that could reveal the cytogenetic abnormalities characteristic for UBC, such as hyperploidy for chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and deletion of the 9p21 locus, in the cast-off cells. Twenty-eight patients with the primary diagnosis of UBC, 12 with its suspected recurrence, 3 subjects without UBC were examined. The findings were compared with cystoscopic data after urine samples were taken. The sensitivity of the UroVysion test totaled 78.5 ± 9.7 % for all stages of primary cancer (pT1-pT4), 87.5 ± 11.6 % for its early stage (рТ1), and 100 % for UBC recurrences. Hyperploidy was a predominant type of cytogenetic abnormalities in the cast-off tumor cells. Among the abnormal cells, the types of hyperploidy (tri-, tetrasomy) were most common for chromosome 3 and less for chromosome 7. Thus, the UroVysion test is a noninvasive highly sensitive tool that may be used in clinical practice to improve the diagnosis of UBC, to detect recurrences, and to monitor the efficiency of treatment.

A sample of 63 patients with bladder cancer (BC) was used to estimate the informative value of a noninvasive UroVysion test carried out prior to cystoscopy on urine sediment cells when diagnosing BC recurrences. The latter were detected by either the two techniques (cystoscopy and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay) or one of them in 19 patients in different periods after treatment for primary BC (1-36 months). Cystoscopy revealed 13 recurrent BC cases; FISH assay identified 17 cases and in earlier periods. The total sensitivity of the FISH assay was 84.6%. The sample of 20 FISH-positive primary patients showed a direct correlation between BC stage, grade, and the number of abnormal cells (as indicated the UroVysion test) in the urine sediment.

Background. Penis cancer is rare malignant tumor with morbidity 0,1−0,9 on 100 000 male in year. Most patients come to a doctor late, when performance of organosparing treatment is impossible. Organosparing operations associate with high frequency of development of local reccurence as compared with penectomy. Combined method is optimal treatment for patients with invasive penile cancer and provides good long-term results and preservation organ's function. Objectives. to increase of cure effectiveness by performance of organosparing operations into combined treatment. Subjects and methods. The investigation was included 72 patients with invasive squamouse penile cancer. Patients were divided into two groups subject to kind of treatment: I (42) organosparing operations, II (30) combined method. Surgical treatment was performing whole of 72 patients: 51 resection, 12 circumcision, 3 local excision. Beam therapy was carrying out to 30 patients. Results. The frequency of relapse in I group was 52,4 %, in II 13,2 % (p