Introduction: Action-orientation is a key disposition shaping a person's capacity to self-regulate (Kuhl, 1996). It is associated with greater capacity to convert intentions into action and execute one's plans to completion, while its opposite, state-orientation, has been linked to greater vulnerability to interference from competing intentions and negative experience (Diefendorff et al., 2000). Action/state orientation is a stable disposition with consistently reliable self-report estimates in several languages and very little age-dependent dynamics (Diefendorff et al., 2000). It is an important predictor and likely causal antecedent of the individual self-control capacity or willpower (Koss & Mischel, 2010) as it reflects the person's motivated bias towards goal-directed action as a preferred pathway to satisfying their needs and achieving their goals (Kuhl, 1996). This bias influences the amount of energy individuals invest into deliberate planning and execution of their plans. How successful that execution is, depends on a separate set of “capacity” factors that modulate its effectiveness, including the levels of ability, fitness and skill. The latter includes mastery of tools–both external (e.g., a weapon) and internal (e.g., mnemonics). A well-developed capacity for meaning generation and manipulation affords a distinct advantage at all stages of action execution. Our earlier study provided initial evidence of this sense-making capacity mediating the relationship between action-state orientation and self-control traits representing dispositional effectiveness of goal-striving. The current study examined whether this mediation effect can be replicated longitudinally.

В статье представлены результаты эмпирического исследования на тему взаимосвязи стилей родительского воспитания и их мотивационных особенностей. Выборку составили родители (N=50), воспитывающие детей-подростков в полных (n=15) и неполных (n=20) семьях. Были использованы следующие методики: опросник «Анализ семейных взаимоотношений» (АСВ) Эйдемиллера Э.Г., Юстицкиса В.В, "Мотивация к успеху" Т. Элерса, "Мотивация к избеганию неудач". Т. Элерса, методика диагностики самооценки мотивации одобрения Д. Марлоу, Д. Краун. В результате были сделаны выводы о том, что уровень мотивации одобрения у родителей может определять уровень воспитательной уверенности и может быть взаимосвязан с другими мотивационными особенностями родителей. При различной выраженности мотивации достижения или избегания неудач у родителей подростков из полных или неполных семей, предпочтение стилей родительского воспитания было практически идентично.

The authors argue necessity of the notion of will for contemporary psychology and the role of the notion in the categorical structure of the science, insisting that volitional regulation could be regarded as the personality level of conscious self-regulation. Will is viewed as a higher mental function responsible for regulating actions, mental processes and states in situations of conflict between decisions of the highest level of human functioning and decisions and resources of the lower levels. Volitional regulation is not characterized by its object, but by the level on which it is exercised (personality level); by its intrinsic mechanism (intentional modification of the meaning of an action or meaning sets manifesting themselves as volitional characteristics); by its goal (prevalence of a decision of the highest level of regulation).