Urolithiasis in young children is a rare condition requiring particular attention due to its potential complexity and the necessity of an individualized treatment approach. This article presents a case study of a 5-year-old child treated for urolithiasis following acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. Case report. A 5-year-old boy presented at Ilyinskaya Hospital with right ureteral obstruction. Ultrasound performed due to abdominal pain revealed dilation of the kidney’s collecting system (calyces up to 12 mm, renal pelvis up to 16 mm) and the proximal ureter (up to 6 mm) on the right side. A solitary calculus obstructing the right ureter was identified via computed tomography. The child underwent emergency surgery, including cystoureteroscopy, lithoextraction from the right ureter, and placement of an internal stent. The postoperative period was marked by infectious complications, which were effectively managed. The internal stent was removed on the 6th postoperative day. The patient remained under hematology and nephrology follow-up, with no recurrence of urolithiasis reported.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive approach in managing pediatric urolithiasis, including careful monitoring and appropriate treatment, particularly in the presence of underlying conditions that may exacerbate or contribute to the disease. Special attention is given to adequate postoperative care and prevention of recurrence, which are essential for a favorable outcome and minimizing the risk of stone reformation.

Infant deaths like a litmus paper reflects the level of development of the medical care in the country. The active development of this industry in general and pediatric medicine in particular made it possible to reduce this indicator significantly, but its structure has changed. Now the contribution of congenital malformations has become more significant than 10–15 and even 40 years ago. New reality provides new challenges to the professional community in medical terms as much as in organizational and legislative terms. We present the current system of organizing care for children with congenital malformations, implemented in the Moscow Region, which includes obstetric service (screening for malformations, expert examination and prenatal counseling, delivery in a specialized perinatal center), neonatal, pediatric surgical (prenatal counseling, surgical care in the delivery room, correction of malformations in the neonatal period, subsequent staged treatment and observation) and pediatric services (follow-up observation). The proposed algorithm is aimed at reducing the likelihood of a child being born with an undiagnosed or lethal defect, preventing the uncontrolled development of a critical condition, and providing the most optimal and safe method of surgical treatment and postoperative management tactics. The introduction of such a system will not only reduce infant mortality, but also reduce the disability of the child population.

The polyps of the urogenital tract are described in all age groups with extremely rare occurrence in newborns. Vaginal polyps can be seen immediately after birth as interlabial masses, while urethral polyps are usually revealed after the clinical symptoms occur. Currently there are no reports about prenatal diagnosis of this anomaly. We present two cases of vaginal and urethral polyps in the female and male fetuses, and two cases of transient findings in female fetuses with spontaneous regression by the time of birth. All our polyps cases manifested themselves in the second trimester (20–24 weeks of gestation) as solid interlabial mass in female fetus and mixed solid and cystic structure at the level of the penile base in male fetus with severe form of hypospadias. Two cases of transient interlabial masses were detected only after 30 weeks of gestation and could represent a benign mucosal hyperplasia due to maternal hormonal stimuli. Prenatal assessment of the fetal genitalia not only provides the information about fetal gender or well-known anomalies but also is useful for revealing the rare findings such as urogenital polyps. One of the differential diagnosis clues could be the early manifestation of the polypoid lesions unlike the transient benign findings. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

To reveal a first-trimester sonographic marker associated with combined duodenal and esophageal atresia (DA and EA). This retrospective study included four patients with combined DA and pure EA diagnosed in our department in the first trimester. A review of the literature for similar anomaly revealed four additional cases diagnosed at 12 weeks of gestation. Extreme dilatation of the upper gastrointestinal tract in DA and EA is a consequence of massive accumulation of secretions within the closed loop involving the distal esophagus, stomach and duodenum. This causes a pathognomonic ultrasound findings which we describe as “band neutrophil” sign. All our cases (including one with dilated esophageal pouch) and four previously published reports (including two cases of DA and EA with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)) were characterised by the presence of a symmetrical C-shaped loop in the fetal abdomen, occupying a central position close to the anterior abdominal wall and resembling the bean-shaped nucleus of the band neutrophil. Band neutrophil sign could be a useful first trimester ultrasound marker of combined DA and EA irrespective of the presence of TEF. Nevertheless, it needs to be evaluated in prospective studies. Supporting Information Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

Objectives To reveal a first-trimester sonographic marker associated with combined duodenal and esophageal atresia (DA and EA). Methods This retrospective study included four patients referred to our department in the first trimester due to fetal stomach anomaly. In the literature, we found 20 additional cases of combined DA and EA with four of them to be revealed at 12 weeks. Results We present the largest for to date case series of combined DA and pure EA diagnosed in the first trimester including one with additional visualization of the distal esophageal pouch and its communication with the stomach. All our cases and four previously published reports (including two cases of DA and EA with tracheoesophageal fistula [TEF]) were characterized by the presence of "band neutrophil" sign-a symmetrical C-shaped loop in the fetal abdomen, occupying a central position close to the anterior abdominal wall. Similar findings could be seen also later in pregnancy, but they lack the same prognostic value. Conclusions Band neutrophil sign is a pathognomonic first-trimester ultrasound marker of combined DA and EA irrespective of the presence of TEF. Nevertheless, it should be further evaluated in prospective studies.

Total and subtotal intestinal aganglionosis (hypogangliosis) is a severe and potentially lethal condition related to neuromuscular intestinal diseases. Some authors consider it as a rare, atypical and most severe form of rectocolic aganglionosis which constitutes 1% of all cases related to the disease [6,7,8]. According to meta-analysis performed by Ruttenstock, 68 patients with total aganglionosis were found in the world literature for 2009 [8]. Different surgical methods (Martin, Kimura, Zigler procedures (extended myectomy and myotomy), bringing down the ileum with formation of ileoanal anastomosis, Bianchi’s plasty and STEP-procedure, intestinal transplantation) are proposed for treatment of total intestinal aganglionosis; however, none of them were considered as superior to the others [3,6,8]. The article describes three clinical cases of total and subtotal intestinal aganglionosis in patients of the neonatal surgery department of Filatov Moscow Pediatric Clinical Hospital No. 13 in 2015-2016. According to our experience, the tactics of sparing resection with preservation of the small intestine maximum length is being optimal. However, it doesn’t exclude the need for durative parenteral nutritional support. Using domestic parenteral nutrition in the management of this group of patients is pharmaco-economically viable.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a complex malformation which accounts for 8% of all defects. Though the issue has been studied for a long time, there are still difficulties in prenatal diagnostics and high percent of lethality among children with this defect. The existing types of surgical correction of this defect do not allow obtaining high percentage of satisfactory results and reducing the number of recurrences. The problem of phrenic defect closure in the shortage of own tissues is still pressing. The article deals with the properties of modern plastic materials and compares the results of their usage according to the leading authors. The analysis revealed the lack of evident advantages and no implants. The issue must be developed even further.

В статье проанализированы результаты лечения детей с ложной врожденной диафрагмальной грыжей (ВДГ) с 2008-2015 гг. В нашей клинике за исследуемый период прооперировано 133 новорожденных. Преимущественно выполнялась торакоскопическая коррекция ВДГ, в большинстве случаев пластику дефекта удавалось провести собственными тканями. В ряде случаев при аплазии и гипоплазии купола диафрагмы потребовалось использование имплантационных материалов. 39 детям выполнена торакоскопическая пластика купола диафрагмы с применением имплантационных материалов. При анализе полученных результатов выявлены некоторые преимущества биологического импланта Permacol. Использование материала данного типа позволило осуществить коррекцию ВДГ при аплазии купола диафрагмы, получить и сохранить достигнутый результат в отдаленном периоде наблюдения.

23 children, aged 3-17 years, have undergone the Sugiura operation since 1989. 18 children had extrahepatic portal hypertension, 3 - the inborn liver fibrosis, 2 - liver cirrhosis. The procedure has been complemented by endoscopic sclerotherapy since 2001. Of 13 children, who had just Sugiura operation, bleeding relapsed in 4 cases. Of 10 patients, who had the combined procedure, the recurrent bleeding was registered in 2 cases. The Sugiura operation in combination with endoscopic varices sclerotherapy was suggested as a method of choice in children with contraindications to portosystemic bypass procedure.