目的 建立基于温度差的CO2诱蚊灯抽样模型,为CO2诱蚊灯监测频次的确定提供科学依据.方法 在上海市15个区,于2019和2020年的4-11月每旬设置229个CO2诱蚊灯监测1次淡色库蚊密度.以2019年的监测数据为训练集,2020年的监测数据为测试集.通过泰勒幂法则建立均数与标准差间的函数,代入两样本均数比较的样本量公式,建立基于密度差的抽样模型.使用线性回归模型建立临近2次CO2诱蚊灯监测结果密度差和该2次监测前1旬的温度差的回归方程,代入基于密度差的抽样模型,建立基于温度差的抽样模型.两样本均数比较使用Wilcoxon秩和检验,模型验证使用准确率、召回率和调和平均值(F-measure)进行评价.结果 2019年相邻2旬、间隔1旬、间隔2旬淡色库蚊监测密度比较,均值差异均有统计学意义(Wilcoxon秩和检验,均P＜0.05),占比分别为34.78％、59.09％和76.19％;2020年相邻2旬、间隔1旬和间隔2旬密度比较,均值的差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05),占比分别为21.74％、59.09％和66.67％.以2020年数据验证基于温度差的抽样模型,准确率为0.563,召回率为0.720,F-measure为0.632.结论 基于温度差的抽样模型具备实用意义,可以根据温度差估算CO2诱蚊灯监测的最佳监测频次.目前上海市的CO2诱蚊灯监测每年4-11月每旬监测1次,建议间隔1旬开展监测,并根据温度变化适当增加频次.

目的 研究上海市白纹伊蚊媒介丰度的空间稳定性,为登革热防控提供依据.方法 2019年5-11月,在上海市以街镇为监测单位,采用诱蚊诱卵器法对白纹伊蚊密度进行监测.计算诱蚊诱卵器阳性率全局空间自相关Moran'sI指数,探测整个研究区域内白纹伊蚊的空间聚集模式,使用Spearman相关系数计算不同时间行政区或街镇的诱蚊诱卵器阳性率之间的相关性,计算肯德尔和谐系数(Kendall's W)衡量诱蚊诱卵器阳性率等级顺序之间不同时间的一致性.结果 2019年上海市各行政区年平均诱蚊诱卵器阳性率最高为8.70％,最低为1.88％,中位数为5.46％;各街镇年平均诱蚊诱卵器阳性率最高为30.21％,最低为0,中位数为5.51％.空间分析显示全市西部和北部白纹伊蚊密度较高.街镇和行政区尺度上的Spearman相关系数均表现为:与1周前的Spearman相关系数均表现为高于与3周前的,与3周前的相关系数高于与6周前的,行政区尺度的Spearman相关系数大于街镇尺度.研究期间,以行政区为样本单元的诱蚊诱卵器阳性率的肯德尔和谐系数为0.627(x2=197.542,P＜0.001),以街镇为样本单元的诱蚊诱卵器阳性率肯德尔和谐系数为0.436(x2=1 802.154,P＜0.001).结论 诱蚊诱卵器阳性率在行政区尺度空间稳定性好于街镇尺度.因此,在加强白纹伊蚊高密度行政区防控的同时,应关注密度异常变化的街镇区域.

目的 研究简单随机抽样和空间分层抽样方法在诱蚊诱卵器监测的应用效果.方法 利用上海市2020年8月4日至9月1日138个诱蚊诱卵器的4次监测数据.使用ArcGIS 10.8软件计算全局空间自相关Moran's I指数和局部Moran's I指数评估样本空间相关性和异质性.采用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)模拟1000次的方法进行简单随机抽样和空间分层抽样,对抽样的结果计算绝对误差与抽样效率,评价不同抽样方法的精度和分层效率.空间抽样方法包括九宫格空间分层抽样、基于树冠面积的空间分层抽样和基于诱蚊诱卵器监测结果的空间分层抽样.结果 研究期间,4次监测的平均诱蚊诱卵指数为49.46.不同半径距离的全局空间自相关分析显示,空间自相关峰值半径为45 m,Moran's I指数为0.289,Z值为7.874(P＜0.001).局部空间自相关分析显示,在研究区域西北角呈现白纹伊纹高密度与高密度聚集区,西南角为低密度与低密度聚集区,东侧大部分为无聚集区.4种抽样方法绝对误差均随着抽样量的增加而逐步减小,其中基于诱蚊诱卵器监测结果的空间分层抽样绝对误差最小,抽样效率最高;其次为基于树冠面积的空间分层抽样和九宫格空间分层抽样.结论 空间分层抽样可以提高诱蚊诱卵器监测效率,不同的分层方法具有不同的效率值,基于先验知识的样点选择的空间分层抽样需做进一步研究.

Background Aedes albopictus is a vector of major arboviral diseases and a primary pest in tropical and temperate regions of China. In most cities of China, the current monitoring system for the spread of Ae. albopictus is based on the subdistrict scale and does not consider spatial distribution for analysis of species density. Thus, the system is not sufficiently accurate for epidemic investigations, especially in large cities. Methods This study used an improved surveillance program, with the mosquito oviposition trap (MOT) method, integrating the actual monitoring locations to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of Ae. albopictus abundance in an urban area of Shanghai, China from 2018 to 2019. A total of 133 monitoring units were selected for surveillance of Ae. albopictus density in the study area, which was composed of 14 subdistricts. The vector abundance and spatial structure of Ae. albopictus were predicted using a binomial areal kriging model based on eight MOTs in each unit. Results were compared to the light trap (LT) method of the traditional monitoring scheme. Results A total of 8,192 MOTs were placed in the study area in 2018, and 7917 (96.6%) were retrieved, with a positive rate of 6.45%. In 2019, 22,715 (97.0%) of 23,408 MOTs were recovered, with a positive rate of 5.44%. Using the LT method, 273 (93.5%) and 312 (94.5%) adult female Ae. albopictus were gathered in 2018 and 2019, respectively. The Ae. albopictus populations increased slowly from May, reached a peak in July, and declined gradually from September. The MOT positivity index (MPI) showed significant positive spatial autocorrelation across the study area, whereas LT collections indicated a nonsignificant spatial autocorrelation. The MPI was suitable for spatial interpolation using the binomial areal kriging model and showed different hot spots in different years. Conclusions The improved surveillance system integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) can improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of Ae. albopictus in urban areas and provide a practical method for decision-makers to implement vector control and mosquito management. Graphical abstract

目的 研究同一品牌4种不同有效成分杀蟑胶饵对德国小蠊实验室杀灭效果、连锁杀灭效果以及食源对杀灭效果的影响.方法 参照国家标准(GB/T 13917.7-2009)对4种杀蟑胶饵进行室内药效测定;使用胶饵毒杀的虫尸喂食进行连锁灭蟑实验;使用胶饵虫尸混合猫粮进行食源干扰连锁灭蟑实验,测定环境中食源对连锁灭蟑效果的影响.使用Excel 2007软件录入数据,采用DPSV 9.01软件计算德国小蠊半数致死时间(LT50)、95％可信区间(95％CI)和毒力回归方程,并进行LT50的显著性分析.采用2种胶饵L％50比率的95％CI作为其检验方法,包含1,则2种药剂LT50之间差异无统计学意义.结果 室内药效实验中2.15％吡虫啉、1.00％毒死蜱、0.50％呋虫胺和0.05％氟虫腈胶饵的LT50分别为2.823 9(2.581 8～3.079 0)、0.745 5(0.603 4～0.890 3)、0.793 5(0.630 9～0.959 3)和0.846 5(0.464 7～1.228 0)d,仅吡虫啉组与另外3组的差异有统计学意义(2种胶饵LT50比率的95％CI不含1).4种胶饵毒杀虫尸连锁灭蟑30 d的死亡率均＞98.00％,2.15％吡虫啉、1.00％毒死蜱、0.50％呋虫胺和0.05％氟虫腈胶饵毒杀虫尸组的LT50分别为6.012 4(5.229 7～6.754 5)、2.4590(1.982 1～2.940 2)、3.654 1(3.150 1～4.145 6)和4.589 3(4.064 6～5.088 8)d,4种胶饵毒杀虫尸LT50两两比较差异均有统计学意义(2种胶饵LT50比率的95％CI不含1).加入猫粮后连锁灭蟑药效明显减弱,死亡率下降,LT50增大,4种胶饵毒杀虫尸连锁灭蟑有无加入猫粮间差异有统计学意义(2种胶饵LT50比率的95％CI不含1),抑制率分别为120.96％、979.86％、276.83％和207.31％.结论 该品牌4种杀蟑胶饵效果良好,1.00％毒死蜱胶饵、0.50％呋虫胺胶饵和0.05％氟虫腈胶饵均能达到快速灭蟑效果.现场灭蟑需要控制食物对胶饵产生的干扰,注意不同药物成分的胶饵交替使用,可达到较好的灭效.

The relationship between the spatial pattern of mosquitoes and the water supply and drainage system at Zhujiajiao district Shanghai province, China, was studied by sample-plot and Pearson correlation analysis. The results showed that the TWINSPAN method sorted 61 sample in the study area into 5 types. The clustering results showed a strong correlation between landuse and population of mosquito. Correlation analysis showed that a significant negative correlation between the Aedes albopictus density and population constituent and perforated strainer, rainwater manhole covers, rain water covers, significant positive correlation existed between the Pale culex ones and perforated strainer, rainwater manhole covers, rain water covers. The Culex tritaeniorhynchus ones had the same trend as the Aedes albopictus. While significant correlation between the Anopheles sinensis and Culex tritaeniorhynchus , and significant negative correlation withsewage.