Objective:To explore the related individual and family factors which affect toddlers' cognitive responses to expression.Methods:By convenience sampling,90 toddlers(55 males and35 yemales)aged 1.5-3 years were selected.They were also investigated with the toddler temperament scale,family and parenthood status questionnaire,and infant-early children social development screening test.Their cognitive responses to five facial expressions were observed.The correlation between the common factors of variables of cognitive responses to expressions and temperament,family factors,the ability of social cognition were analyzed by partial correlation and multiple regression analysis.Results:Multiple regression analysis showed that toddler' s mood(β=-0.214),rhythm(β= 0.217),verbal ability(β= 0.289)and several family factors including parental character(β= 0.278,-0.263,0.260),culture trait of father and foster(β= 0.259,0.244),maternal postpartum emotion(β= 0.347),maternal behavior(β= 0.231),domestic economy(β=-0.217,0.257)and atmosphere(β=-0.281)were significantly correlated with the common factors of variables of cognitive responses to expressions(P0.05).Conclusion:Toddlers' cognitive responses to expressions may be not only related with their temperament and verbal ability but also related with many family factors.

Objective To explore the profile of cognitive response to five facial expressions in 6-to 12-month-old infants. Method One hundred and fifty-five 6-to 12-month-old healthy infants were recruited to view five kinds of normative facial emotional expression pictures which presented on computer screen. The visual attention, self emotional and behavioral responses of each infant toward the facial expressions were recorded by a web camera and then were coded and analyzed from the videotaped observations. Results The visual preference to expressions was different in different groups. 6-to 8-month-old infants looked back ( such as 1.50 ± 0.73,1.39 ±0.81,1.67 ±0.87 ) more to all expressions than 9-to 12-month-old infants( 1.10 ± 0.53,1.04 ± 0.51,1.12 ±0. 61 ). 6-to 8-month-old infants exhibited no obvious difference(P＞ 0.05 ) while 9-to 12-month-old infants exhibited significant difference in self emotional responses (include positive and negative) to different expressions (P ＜0. 05 ). Infants appeared some positive behaviors including looking back at mother,finger-pointing and phonating to expressions during the observation. Conclusions Infants over 6-month-age could discriminate different facial expressions,recognize and comprehend happy expression earlier. 9-to 12-month-old infants began to understand the negative emotional significance of negative facial expressions gradually, but their comprehension to negative emotional expressions was rudimentary.

Objective To study the developmental characteristics of five facial expressions cognition of children aged 1~3 years old.Methods From November 2006 to November 2008,a total of 180 children aged 1~3 years old were recruited from resident children routine health care department in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University and Foshan Female and Child Health Hospital.They were requested to watch five kinds of normative facial emotional expression pictures which presented on computer screen.The visual attention,self emotional and behavioral responses of each child toward the facial expressions were recorded by a web camera and then were coded and analyzed from the videotaped observations.Results The difference of first-looking time to different expressions was not significant in 1~2 years old children while it was significant in 2~3 years old children.Neither expression nor group effects was obtained for the times of back-look.The first-looking time and the total looking time to expressions in 1~1.5 years old group were shorter than those of other groups( P0.01).The score of both positive and negative responses to different expressions were significantly different in all groups.There was significant difference for the verbal ability(P0.001) and behavior of expression imitating (P0.01) but no obvious difference for behavior of looking back at mother and finger-pointing (P0.05) among groups.Conclusion Children can apperceive and recognize facial expressions with different emotional significance over 1-year-old,and begin to categorize and conceptualize the expressions crudely.