Eco-efficiency is a practical approach to promote sustainable industrial development, as it emphasizes fewer environmental impacts alongside increased economic benefits. This study applies the super-minimum distance to a strong efficient frontier–Malmquist–Luenberger model to assess the static and dynamic eco-efficiency of 37 industrial sectors in China during 2003–2015 and analyzes how input redundancy, an excess of undesirable outputs, and a shortage of economic output influence industrial eco-efficiency. The results show that China’s overall static industrial eco-efficiency has steadily risen but remains inefficient. Furthermore, the inefficiency performance of inputs and outputs present fluctuating downward trends, and the inefficiency being more severe than output inefficiency. Moreover, clear discrepancies exist in the input and output inefficiency levels in the 37 industrial sectors. Manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment and other four sectors have achieving eco-efficiency in input, while mining of other ores is under inefficiency in input. Meanwhile, utilization of waste resources industries and other six sectors perform well in output, while the performance of mining of other ores is the worst. The average total-factor productivity of China’s industrial eco-efficiency is 0.995, which is close to the production frontier but leaves considerable room for improvement. The change is due mainly to the increased technical efficiency of production and the lag in the technological progress of production—the latter factor is emerging as a contributor to improved eco-efficiency even as the positive reinforcement of technical efficiency is reducing. The paper shares relevant policy suggestions to improve eco-efficiency and foster sustainable economic development.

With growing concerns about the allocation inequality of environmental benefits and pollution, it is crucial to investigate whether a special characteristic of China’s environmental inequality has emerged. The present study aims to elucidate the regional spatial features of industrial pollution inequality (IPI) (waste gas, wastewater, and solid waste measured by the Theil index separately) and their relevance to national territorial space planning strategies. Furthermore, we make a novel attempt to develop an integrated framework that employs a developed-Kaya identity with the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method to uncover the driving force of IPI disparities. We make use of the data published recently by the provincial panel of China, during the period 2000–2015. Based on this information, we found notable spatial-temporal heterogeneity in China’s IPI, highly correlated to China’s core national territorial space planning strategy, the “T-shaped” spatial development strategy. The empirical results support the “structural features” hypothesis in IPI for China. In particular, the Coastal Region has a great edge in industrial pollution equality. In most provinces in the Inland Corridor along the Yangtze River, the trend of IPI has been alleviated to some extent. However, provinces further inland that are off-side the two axes of “T-shaped” spatial development strategy have to respond to the two-fold challenge of the exacerbated trend in IPI both within and between the regions. Our findings also indicate that the effect of technological inequality is the main driving force for IPI in the earlier stage of development. However, effects of economic inequality together with that of economic structure inequality manifest in the middle or transition period and the economic inequality effect is the determinant in the later stage of development. Additionally, contributions of size effect and inequality effect are changeable over development process, economic inequality effect outweighs the economic size effect for IPI in more developed districts or districts in higher developing phases. These findings may help the government incorporate environmental equality goals into regional policies and contribute to the emerging literature on environmental inequality.

基于"创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享"五大发展理念构建高质量发展评价指标体系,综合运用Super-SBM模型、耦合协调度模型、向量自回归模型与脉冲响应函数对2005—2020年福建省九地市高质量发展总体水平与五大子系统发展水平进行测度,验证了指标体系与模型的稳健性与科学性,探讨了高质量发展与各子系统的耦合协调关系,并进一步探究绿色发展与高质量发展的动态交互响应机制.结果表明:(1)福建省高质量发展水平较高,呈现波动上升趋势,地区间差异扩大;空间上呈现以厦门—福州为中心的沿海中部向西部山区递减的格局特征.从五大系统发展水平来看,福建省各个子系统发展水平差异较明显,其中开放发展水平最高,创新发展水平最低.(2)2005—2020年,各发展子系统与高质量发展之间的耦合协调度总体呈现下降趋势,但均处于基本协调状态.(3)福建省仅存在从绿色发展到高质量发展单向格兰杰因果关系.高质量发展与绿色发展本身对绿色发展的脉冲响应冲击呈现先正向后负向,缓慢回升的趋势.

为深入探究同类型地理单元碳排放效率的区域异质性,利用考虑非期望产出的MinDS模型、Malmquist指数分析2005—2017年长江与黄河流域城市碳排放效率的静态与动态特征与差异,从流域间、流域内比较视角探究长江与黄河流域碳排放效率的空间集聚特征与演化规律,通过随机效应模型对不同城市类型碳排放效率的影响因素进行面板回归分析.结果表明:①2005—2017年,长江与黄河流域碳排放效率平均值分别为0.785、0.747,碳排放效率总体处于较低水平;碳排放效率呈先降后升的"U"型变化趋势,且2012—2017年处于"U"型上升区段.②长江流域碳排放效率呈下游>上游>中游的中间低、两端高的空间分布格局特征,黄河流域呈下游>中游>上游的空间递增格局特征.长江流域碳排放效率高值区呈现城市群集聚趋势,低值区较分散;黄河流域碳排放效率低值区以宁夏沿黄城市群为中心沿黄河干流向周边扩散,高值区规模较小且分散.③长江与黄河流域碳排放效率的Malmquist指数均呈上升趋势,表征技术革新的技术进步指数是长江与黄河流域碳排放效率提升的主要内生驱动力,而表征要素组合、管理水平的技术效率指数则对碳排放效率提升作用不显著.④根据技术效率指数与技术进步指数在碳排放效率提升中的作用差异,可将研究对象划分为六类城市.经济发展水平、产业结构是影响两大流域碳排放效率提升的共同因素.研究显示,长江与黄河流域碳排放效率变动既有整体的相似性又有内部的差异性,既要考虑产业结构等因素对两大流域碳排放效率提升的普遍影响,还要注意城镇化水平等因素的差异化影响,以实现两大流域碳减排与效率提升政策设计的"因地制宜、分类施策".

It is of great significance to clarify the decoupling relationship among resource consumption, environmental pollution, and economic growth, and to uncover the driving mechanism within the relationship for Fujian Province, one of the national ecological civilization construction demonstration zones. By constructing the "water-energy-carbon" resource and environment input-output model, we analyzed the industrial "water-energy-carbon" resource and environment pressure in Fujian Province. On the basis of the decoupling theory and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index method, we explored the decoupling among resource consumption, environmental pollution, and economic growth and detected driving factors behind the decoupling state in various industries. The results showed that resource and environmental pressure state dominated by virtual water in Fujian Province had shifted to the multi-dimensional resource and environmental pressure state dominated by implied carbon from 2002 to 2017. There were distinctive differences among various industries. From the perspective of industry sectors, there was a relatively high direct resource and environmental pressure in the production and supply sector, as well as a more distinguishing indirect resource and environmental pressure in the manufacturing sector. The decoupling state generally appeared reasonable, mainly in weak decoupling and strong decoupling states. The economic and population effects were the two main factors inhibiting the decoupling sate, while the technical and structural effects promoted the decoupling state.

The emission of CO2 from major sectors and key industries are the predominant sources of regional CO2 emissions. It is the prerequisite to promote sectoral carbon emissions reduction, to cla-rify their influencing factors and investigate their relationship with regional economic growth. It is also of great significance for the implementation of regional total carbon emissions control. Using the Logarithmic mean Divisia index method (LMDI) and the Tapio decoupling model, we analyzed the driving factors, and decoupling status with economic growth of 13 major carbon emissions industries in Fujian Province from 1997 to 2017. The results showed that the electricity and heat production and supply industry was the major source of CO2 emissions in Fujian Province, with an increase of 101.74 Mt (from 18.89 Mt to 120.63 Mt) during the period 1997 to 2017. The top three industries with the fastest annual growth rate in CO2 emissions were non-ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry (18.1%), textile industry (12.1%), and ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry (12.1%). Among the influence factors for the changes in carbon emissions in 13 major industries, economic growth effect and population scale effect were the main positive driving factors, while the restraining effects of energy structure, energy intensity, and industrial structure were continuously increasing. In terms of decoupling relationship, the decoupling index between economic growth and industry-related CO2 emissions showed a downward trend on the whole. Since the 11th Five-Year-Plan period, some industries had begun to show strong decoupling to some extent. The farming, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery and water conservancy industry exhibited expansive negative decoupling, whereas the electricity and heat production and supply industry exhibited weak negative decoupling during 13th Five-Year Plan period. The effects of energy structure and energy intensity had substantial impacts on the decoupling with economic growth for various industries. The industrial structure effect had a smaller impact on the decoupling with economic growth, while the population scale effect had almost no impact.

灰水足迹是稀释水污染物至达标需要的淡水体积,是评价水污染程度与水环境质量的重要方法,对灰水足迹进行核算与分析,可以促进福建省提高水环境质量,构建可持续的水生态环境.借鉴Hoekstra等提出的灰水足迹核算方法,对福建省及各地市2001-2017年的灰水足迹进行核算,对其时空变化特征进行评价并使用对数平均迪式指数分解法(Logarithmic MeanDivisia Index Method,LMDI)模型对灰水足迹变动的驱动因素进行分解.结果 表明:a)总氮是决定灰水足迹总量的主要污染物,非点源污染是灰水足迹的最主要来源但占比由68.25％降至63.35％;b)福建省灰水足迹总量降低了9.58％,且各项指标都呈下降趋势,在空间上,灰水足迹总量及剩余灰水足迹东南多西北少,人均灰水足迹及灰水足迹强度东少西多;c)福建省灰水足迹变动的驱动因素中,经济因素是最大正向驱动因素,产生2932.96亿m3的贡献量,技术因素是最大负向驱动因素,产生-2630.31亿m3的贡献量.最后,针对福建省水污染问题提出建议:a)开展非点源污染防治专项;b)加快速度提高城镇生活污水处理水平;c)优化产业结构,提高灰水足迹效率;d)切实落实生态补偿制度,调动各市水环境保护积极性;e)加强环境监管力度,加大技术投入.

Mechanochemical method is an environmentally friendly approach, which can facilely synthesize large-scale nano-scale HMX/TNT energetic particles. In the mechanochemical process, a large new structure was obtained by solid-state grinding of a starting physical mixture HMX and TNT in the presence of ethanol. Within the resulting nano HMX/TNT energetic particles, HMX and TNT molecules are crystallographically rearranged after IR and X-ray irradiation. The size and microstructure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal decomposition of the energetic particles was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Simultaneously, explosive property and impact safety performance tests and analysis were conducted. Results showed that nano HMX/TNT energetic particles offer a number of advantages in comparison with raw HMX and raw TNT including decreased size, stable thermal performance, reduced sensitivity and improved explosive property after the mechanochemical technology.

The main challenge for achieving better energetic materials is to increase their density. In this paper, cocrystals of HNIW (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane, often referred to as CL-20) with TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were synthesized using ethanol in a green chemical method. The cocrystal was formulated as C 13 H 11 N 15 O 18 and possesses a higher density (1.934 g cm −3 ) than published previously (1.846 g cm −3 ). This high-density cocrystal possesses a new structure, which can be substantiated by the different types of hydrogen bonds. The predominant driving forces that connect HNIW with TNT in the new cocrystal were studied at ambient conditions using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal that the structure of the new HNIW/TNT cocrystals consists of three one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains exploiting the familiar HNIW–TNT multi-component supramolecular structure, in which two hydrogen-bonded chains are between —NO 2 (HNIW) and —CH (TNT), and one hydrogen-bonded chain is between —CH (HNIW) and —NO 2 (TNT). The changes to the electron binding energy and type of element in the new cocrystal were traced using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics alter after cocrystallization due to the hydrogen bonding. It was found that the new HNIW/TNT cocrystal is more thermodynamically stable than HNIW. Thermodynamic aspects of new cocrystal decomposition are investigated in order to explain this observation. The detonation velocity of new HNIW/TNT cocrystals is 8631 m s −1 , close to that of HNIW, whereas the mechanical sensitivity is lower than HNIW.

Seven isofurazano energetic compounds were designed by taking new carriers for melt-castable explosives as research target and isofurazan as basic structural unit.The density functional theory is used to study the geometric configuration,density,enthalpy of formation,detonation properties,bond dissociation energy,electrostatic potential and impact sensitivity of isofurazano energetic derivatives at multiple basis set levels,respectively.Melting points of designed compounds are predicted based on group contribution theory.Results show that the density distributions of seven designed compounds are 1.807-1.939 g/cm3,the detonation velocity is in the range of 8.4-9.7 km/s,the melting point is 61-118 ℃,and the impact sensitivity is in the range of 13-54 cm.Except for the nitrate derivative,the weakest bond dissociation energies of other compounds are 240-250 kJ/mol.According to the theoretically calculated results,two kinds of potential high-energy isofurazano carriers for melt-castable explosives are selected:2,2'-dinitroazodiisofuzazan and 3,5-dinitrofurazanisofuroxan.Melting points and characteristic drop heights of two selected compounds are 80 ℃ and 118 ℃,20 cm and 23 cm,respectively,and their energy levels approach to that of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan.

Melting point is an important index to determine whether an explosive can be a melt cast carrier. In this study, the relationship among the molecular structure, crystal structure, and melting point of explosives was investigated by using nitroazole compounds. Hydrogen bonds influence crystal packing modes in chemically understandable ways. Hydrogen bonds also affect the changes in entropy and enthalpy in balancing melting process. Hence, different types of hydrogen bonds in explosive crystal structures were compared when the relationship between the molecular structure and the melting point of nitroazole explosives were analyzed. The effects of methyl and amino groups on intermolecular hydrogen bonds were also compared. Results revealed that the methyl and amino groups connected on the N(1) of the heterocyclic compound can reduce the melting point of azole explosive. This finding is possible because methyl and amino groups destroy the intermolecular hydrogen bond of the heterocyclic compound.

A new insensitive energetic material 2'-methyl-3-nitro-2' H-[1,3'-bi(1,2,4-triazole)]-5,5'-diamine (1) was prepared by a three-step synthesis from commercially available chemicals. The energetic title compound was comprehensively characterized by various means, including FT-IR, multinuclear (H-1, C-13, N-14) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, HPLC and thermal analysis. The sensitivities of the synthesized material towards various external stimuli (impact, friction) were determined according to the BAM method. The optimized structure and related thermodynamic parameters were obtained at the DFT-B3LYP/6-31+G** theoretical level. The detonation properties of the material were also predicted according to the Kamlet-Jacobs formulae and the Monte-Carlo method. The results show that the density, heat of formation, detonation velocity, detonation pressure, impact sensitivity and purity were 1.83 g/cm(3), 369 kJ/mol, 7.52 km/s, 25.4 GPa, 82.3 J and 97.7%, respectively. In addition, the compound was an insensitive high explosive which could meet the requirements of high energetic materials.

Highly pure 1-methyl-4,5-dinitro-1 H -imidazole was obtained from N -methylimidazole in 79% yield. The process was optimized with regard to nitrating mixture composition and the ratio of N -methylimidazole and nitrating mixture. The effects of reaction temperature, time, and the rate of nitrating mixture addition were analyzed. The endothermic peak due to melting was obvious on the DSC curve at 75°C, decomposition started at about 250°C, and the main exothermic decomposition peak was at 278.5°C, which indicated that this compound has good thermal stability.

An improved and safe process for the production of 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole, a promising melt-cast explosive to replace TNT, is described starting from dicyandiamide and methylhydrazine. The key step in our procedure is generation of target compound by catalytic oxidation of 3,5-diamino-1-methyl-1,2,4-triazole nitrate with hydrogen peroxide at 65 to 70°C. The main advantage of our procedure is the use of modified catalytic oxidation system and improved reagent addition method, which enabled proper control of the reaction exotherm in a 2-l reactor. After solvent extraction, 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole was obtained in up to 92.5% purity (HPLC) with 43% overall yield. An improved modification of 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole with lower melting point was prepared, using carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt as a surfactant.

To understand the curing process of hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)/isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI) binder system under the conditions of different catalysts [dibutyltin dilaurate(DBTDL), ferric acetylacetonate(FeAA), tin (ii) ethyethylhexanoate(TECH), diazabicyclooctane(DABCO), triphenylbismuth(TPB) and nano zinc oxide (nano-ZnO)], the relationship of viscosity vs.time for HTPB/IPDI system under the action of different catalysts at 45 ℃ was studied by viscosity method, and the changes in curing reaction rate were discussed.Results show that the rheological reaction rate constant for HTPB/IPDI system without catalyst and under the action of different catalysts at 45 ℃ is determined as kblank=0.002, kDBTDL=0.045, kFeAA=0.0439, kTECH=0.0335, kDABCO=0.0051, kTPB=0.0036 and knano-ZnO=0.0034.The effect of different catalysts on the curing reaction rate of HTPB/IPDI binder system decreases in the order of DBTDL>FeAA>TECH>DABCO>TPB>nano-ZnO.In the HTPB/IPDI system, when DBTDL, FeAA, TECH, DABCO, TPB and nano-ZnO are used as catalyst, the pot-life of the binder system is 0.3, 0.7, 1.9, 6.7, 16, 18 h, respectively.Through the change situation analyses of the pot life and the reacon rate constant k for sulrry during the curing process, considering that TPB is more suitable to be used as the curing catalyst of HTPB/IPDI system.The trend of the logarithm of viscosity increases with time reveals the phenomenon of two defined stages, fast early stage and slow later period, and deviation from the bottom right of graph line.The main reason for this phenomenon is due to the obvious reactive differences of NCO groups in IPDI.Science the steric effect of the methyl group and the cyclohexane ring, the reactivity of prim NCO group is significantly lower than the secondary NCO group.

A HPLC method was established to analyze main ingredient – 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole and the main impurity –1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine. The method was carried out on a SinoChrom ODS-BP column (4.6 × 200 mm, 5 μm) using methanol–water (90/10, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml·min–1. 1-Methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole was determined by UV-visible detector at 240 nm. The column temperature was 25°C and the injection volume was 10 μl. Results show that under the optimized chromatographic conditions, the calibration curves of 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine have good linearity, and the linear correlation coefficient r is greater than 0.999. The detection limits for 1-methyl-3,5-dinitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole and 1-methyl-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine were 0.6 and 0.31 mg·ml–1, respectively, and the quantification limits were 1.02 and 0.53 mg·ml–1, respectively. The recoveries are 98.17–100.83% with the relative standard deviations between 0.44 and 1.01%. The method has wide linear range, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility, and the results are accurate and reliable.

利用原料乙二醛和盐酸羟胺,一锅法合成二氨基乙二肟(DAG),采用红外光谱、元素分析、熔点测试和高效液相色谱等方法对合成产物DAG进行了结构表征和纯度分析;并且通过单因素和正交实验设计,得出最佳工艺条件为盐酸羟胺与乙二醛投料摩尔比4.8∶1、加热反应pH 8.5,在90℃油浴下加热回流4.5h,其产率达73.1％.为避免合成废液对环境造成污染,从环保角度设计出合成废液的绿色处理工艺,将废液重新投料再利用,有效提高了合成产率并且实现无污染的循环合成工艺.

Submicron 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan L(DAOAF) C4H4N8O3] particles were prepared by means of the high-pressure jet-assisted precipitation method. The physical and chemical properties of the submicron DAOAF particles were characterized by the following methods: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal and mechanical safety properties of the samples were also investigated. The results of the SEM and particle size analysis showed that the particle size of submicron DAOAF particles that are nearly spherical in shape range from 100 to 300 nm. The FTIR and XRD results showed that this experiment did not change the chemical and crystal structure of DAOAF. Compared with the raw DAOAF particles, the exothermic decomposition peak temperature of the sub micron DAOAF particles increased at different heating rates. The results of mechanical sensitivity analysis showed that both the raw and submicron DAOAF particles were insensitive.