为探究典型登月返回过载下姿态差异对机体生理反应的影响,选取18只猕猴作为实验对象,在动物离心机上模拟过载峰值为13 G、15 G的嫦娥任务(卧姿)与阿波罗登月返回(躺姿)过载环境,采用心电监护仪监测猕猴过载前后心率、血压、血氧饱和度参数变化,并对测试前后行为学变化进行评分.实验结果表明:在峰值为13 G、15 G过载作用下,卧姿猕猴心率最大增幅分别为88％、107％,收缩压/舒张压分别增加了24 mmHg/15 mmHg、18 mmHg/12 mm-Hg,血氧饱和度分别降低了0％、5％;躺姿猕猴心率最大增幅分别为48％、28％,收缩压/舒张压分别增加了8 mmHg/-4 mmHg、2 mmHg/8 mmHg,血氧饱和度分别降低了3％、1％.13 G过载实验后,卧姿猕猴心率显著高于躺姿猕猴(P=0.015),其余生理参数均无显著差异.2种姿态过载暴露后猕猴均表现出一定程度的精神萎靡与反应灵敏性下降,但卧姿猕猴在扑咬反应上减弱更明显(P=0.035),其余差异不显著.卧姿工况较躺姿工况而言,机体的生理反应对于过载环境更为敏感,心率、血压变化幅度更大.

针对载人月球探测再入加速度安全性评估与防护设计问题,探讨半弹道跳跃式再入过载下卧姿和躺姿对人体生理效应的影响.利用载人离心机模拟跳跃式再入过载环境,选拔11名志愿者分别以卧姿和躺姿开展实验.实验过程中监测人体的心率、血压、血氧饱和度等生理指标,并记录志愿者主观感受.结果表明:峰值为3 G、5 G的过载对人体呼吸和心血管系统产生影响,造成血氧饱和度降低和心率升高;志愿者均能够耐受峰值为5 G的超重过载,实验完成后不适症状消失,并且生理指标恢复正常;与卧姿相比,躺姿状态下志愿者主观不适症状减轻,心率增加和血氧饱和度下降值更低.综合考虑志愿者生理反应指标和主观感受,过载防护设置建议优先选择躺姿.

为研究超重与超重旋转复合暴露对家兔肺脏的损伤影响及其病理学差异,选取家兔 21只,随机分为3 组,依托自研的超重旋转复合实验平台模拟峰值为 13G的超重(CG组)、13 G超重+10 r/min自转(EG1 组)以及13G超重+20 r/min自转(EG2 组)的暴露环境,观察各组实验后家兔大体解剖情况,并结合肺脏简明损伤定级(AIS)、器官损伤定级(OIS)损伤评分及光镜下损伤表现,综合分析超重旋转复合环境对家兔肺脏的病理学影响.结果表明:实验后,EG1 与EG2 组家兔较CG组肺脏AIS评分与OIS定级更高,且随着自转水平的提高,伤情也进一步加重;光镜下结果显示,EG1、EG2 组家兔肺脏出血面积更大,且表现出更明显的结构性损伤,包括高度肺不张、肺泡壁断裂、肺实变等;采用超重旋转复合实验平台可有效模拟多种特因环境,构建模型稳定可靠.

为研发满足航空航天医学等研究要求的超重旋转复合运动模拟系统,基于离心机的转臂式结构,采用框架式的自转座椅替代传统的固定座椅,并引入链传动作为自转驱动;搭建PC+可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)+伺服电机+编码器的离心机控制系统,以及IPC+驱动器+步进电机的自转座椅控制系统;在控制系统软件设计方面注重离心机实时运行监测及便携式自转座椅的稳定性控制.对所研发的超重旋转复 合试验平台开展超重、旋转及超重旋转复合 3 种模拟工况的精度测试试验,结果表明,平台能够实现超重、旋转及超重旋转复合等环境模拟,离心机与自转座椅均具有较高的控制精度,运行过程安全平稳,达到了预期要求,可用于航空航天特因环境下生物体生理响应或设备测试等实验研究.

In an aerospace overload environment, posture directly affects body fluid transfer and stress distribution. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different postures of supine and lying on the structure and function of the occupant’s eyes under two typical re-entry overloads of the Chang’e and Apollo space crafts. First, using simulation, we analyzed the changes in hemodynamic characteristics in the arterioles of the eyes in the supine and lying postures. Then, we used macaques as experimental subjects, and two typical re-entry overload environments were simulated by animal centrifuge. The differences in blood pressure and ocular parameters between supine and lying postures were compared and analyzed. In the supine position, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and blood pressure (BP) increased in response to exposure to the overloads, whereas intraocular pressure (IOP), retinal vessel density (RVD) and central retinal thickness (CRT) decreased. In all these parameters, changes were more pronounced in the 15g than in the 13g peak exposure. In the lying position, IOP and BP increased, whereas RVD and CRT decreased in response to overload exposure. SFCT increased in response to the 13g peak exposure but decreased significantly in response to the 15g peak exposure. The ocular changes in macaques in the two postures were significantly different, and the blood fluid in the eyes of macaques in the supine posture group was more susceptible to overload than that in the lying posture group. Comparing the changes in BP and ocular parameters between the two groups, it was found that the BP of the macaques in the supine posture changed significantly. There were also more compensatory and regulatory responses, and pathological changes in eye structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that lying posture provides better overload protection to the eyes than supine posture. These results can provide a basis for the setting of human posture for acceleration overload protection.Funding Information: The study was funded by the Manned Spaceflight Advanced Research Foundation of China (020101).Declaration of Interests: MISSINGEthics Approval Statement: The animal experimental procedures involved in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of the China Aerospace Research and Training Center. The entire process was strictly implemented in accordance with the guidelines of the institution.

针对不同个体对噪声暴露存在噪声敏感性的问题,探讨听阈、工作绩效、烦扰度受噪声影响的程度与噪声敏感性之间的关系.在安静环境(对照环境)与88 dBA模拟航天噪声环境下,对33名志愿者进行125～16000 Hz纯音听阈、工效及主观烦恼度测试;并根据噪声敏感性量表得分划分低噪声敏感组、中噪声敏感组、高噪声敏感组,对3组志愿者噪声暴露下的听觉、工效及主观感受进行分析.结果表明:88 dBA噪声暴露1 h后,125 Hz、1 kHz、2 kHz听阈偏移具有显著性(P<0.05),对圈数字、速算、工作记忆影响不显著(P>0.05);高噪声敏感组与低噪声敏感组的绝对听阈差异不显著(P>0.05),但在9～16 kHz的扩展高频范围内多个频率相差10 dB,不同噪声敏感组之间受噪声对绩效的影响不显著;主观噪声敏感与烦恼程度显著正相关(P<0.05).研究结果提示噪声敏感性可能与听力水平有关,噪声敏感性量表可用于预测噪声环境下的烦恼度水平.

针对载人探月飞船半弹道式再入时人体姿态对动态响应影响明显,通过载人离心机模拟飞船半弹道式返回再入大气层过载曲线,对比分析躺姿和卧姿状态下之五十百分位HybirdⅢ生物力学假人头部、胸部及臀部力学响应的差异.结果发现:2种姿态下假人的头部、胸部、臀部合加速度响应与输入基本一致,且以胸背向响应为主;卧姿状态下头部响应的+Gz分量较高,且从头部至臀部依次降低;躺姿状态下头盆向载荷的传递可以忽略不计.研究结果可为加速度防护人体姿态设置提供依据.

Objective To investigate the effect of posture on the dynamic response of human body during spacecraft skip reentry from the lunar orbit, and to determine the displacement and deformation of hu-man internal organs, thus provide basis for the crew posture setting in the return capsule. Methods The human biomechanics model HUMOS was used to simulate the occupant, and the finite element models of the supine Shenzhou seat and the lying Apollo seat were established. The human body dy-namic response was simulated on the Hyperworks finite element analysis platform. After calibrating the model with centrifuge experimental data, the skip reentry overload curves of Chang’e-like and A-pollo-like were taken as the input of the above models respectively, and further simulation analysis of the human body’s dynamic response was conducted, including the displacement and deformation of important internal organs. Results The shape and peak value of the resultant acceleration response curves of the head, sternum and sacrum in the lying posture were consistent with the input, while in the supine posture, although the shapes of these curves were similar, the sacral vertebra had a rela-tively low peak. The stress state and deformation of internal organs in the lying posture were mainly chest-back compression, while the internal organs in the supine posture were shifted and squeezed un-der the action of +Gx and +Gz. The displacement and deformation of human internal organs in su-pine posture were greater than that of lying posture. Conclusion In view of the minimum displacement and deformation of human internal organs, it is suggested that the priority to should be given the lying posture for posture design of the crew during spacecraft skip reentry from lunar orbit.

To demonstrate the effect of body posture on the occupant dynamic response under a spacecraft high-level re-entry acceleration overload, seat-dummy system models with typical body positions, including supine and lying positions, are established in this study using Pro-E and HyperWorks software. A Human Model for Safety (HUMOS version II) dummy was used in the model. Seat-dummy system models were calibrated and validated according to actual centrifugal test data. The effect of body posture on the overload response of key body organs, including the heart, lung, diaphragm, liver, and abdominal viscera are demonstrated and analyzed under a high-level acceleration overload (a peak value of 6.4 g as input). Simulation results show that the displacement and deformation of the diaphragm are the most important factors affecting human tolerance to re-entry overload. The acting force of the diaphragm from other organs' inertial reaction in supine position is larger than that in the lying position. Therefore, spacecraft designers should focus more on the mechanical status of human internal organs and provide a body posture for better protection of the crew during spacecraft re-entry.

In order to demonstrate the influence of gender differences on occupant dynamic response during spacecraft high-level landing impact, this study established a seat-dummy system model using Pro-E and HyperWorks software. The 50th Hybrid III male dummy and the 5th Hybrid III female dummy were used in the model. The seat-dummy system model was calibrated and validated according to the actual impact condition and impact test data of the simulated spacecraft landing. The gender differences on the impact response of key body segments were demonstrated and analysed under high-level landing impact (at a peak value of 26g). The simulation results show that the peak acceleration value of the female is larger than the male by 43.7% on the shoulder and by about 33% on the chest and pelvis, while the female is smaller than the male by 40.0% on the head in the chest-back (anterior-posterior, Gx) direction. In the head-foot (superior-inferior, Gz) direction, the peak acceleration value of the female is larger than the male by about 45.2% on the head, 120% on the shoulder, 9.0% on the chest and 37.3% on the pelvis. Therefore, it is recommended that spacecraft designers should pay more attention to gender differences on the head-neck and pelvis, and provide better protection for females during landing impact.

To explore the influence of gender differences on the occupant dynamic response during the spacecraft landing impact, the dummy-seat system model was established by Pro-E software and Hyperworks software with the 50 th Hybird III male dummy and the 5 th Hybird III female dummy ac-cording to actual working condition of the spacecraft landing. The dummy-seat system model was cal-ibrated and validated with the landing impact test data. The gender differences in the impact re-sponse of the key body segments under higher level of simulated impact landing ( peak value 26 g ) were analyzed. The simulation results showed that the acceleration peak value of female was 31%larger than that of the male on the shoulder, chest and pelvis, and the male was 29% larger than that of the female on the head along the chest-back ( anterior-posterior) direction; the acceleration peak value of female was 80% larger than that of the male on the head and shoulder, 37% higher on the pelvis and 10% higher on the chest along the head-foot( superior-inferior) direction. The simu-lation results showed that under the same impact landing condition, the acceleration response of the female was larger on the head, neck and pelvis than that of the male and thus more vulnerable to in-jury. It is suggested that the protection of the neck and pelvis should be stressed for female during the landing impact.

Objective To explore the application of additive manufacturing in the field of rapid prototyping for energy absorption biomimetic structure,the modeling process of complicated biology structure with fused deposition modeling(FDM) was studied.Methods The Micro-CT scanning was carried out upon the great spotted woodpecker,before a 3 D digital model was reconstructed according to the scanning data.Then the upper and lower beak were taken out and printed based on FDM technology.Results A better surface quality and higher detail reductivity of product modeled along the direction paralleling to longitudinal axis of beaks were obtained,while the slice thickness was 0.1 mm and the infill ratio of shell was 100％.The reasons for defects included model reconstruction errors,material contraction errors and equipment errors.Conclusion Additive manufacturing in terms of FDM principle is able to produce the biomimetic structure of woodpecker beaks rapidly with few defects.It provides reference for revealing the mechanism of energy absorption of woodpeckers and for the related outreach and education works.

A series of changes in human physiological functions occurred during long-term inhabitation in the space station,and the human body could ultimately adapt to the weightlessness environment. However,the fluid shift and disappearance of the liquid static pressure of human body resulted in the reduction of the circulation blood volume,and made the cardiovascular system in a lower dynamic state. Bone density and architecture and muscle mass and strength were also altered and sustained worsening. Astronauts would be exposed to the landing impact again upon their return from the space station. Their tolerance to landing impact could decrease as compared with before spaceflight because their bodies were not re-adapted to the earth gravity. Up to now,the degree of decrease in human tolerance to landing impact has not been completely known. On the basis of analysis of the spacecraft landing properties,this paper reviewed the human landing impact tolerance and related influence factors,and summarized the effects of long-term inhabitation in the space station on the human tolerance to landing impact. Finally,the decrease degree of human tolerance to landing impact was analyzed after long-term inhabitation in the space station with the reference of NASA 3001.