Culturing living cells outside the body is a complex process involving various techniques. Despite advances, harvesting cells remains challenging, especially in light of new emerging and scaled-up cell culture technologies. Enzymatic adherent cell harvesting is the most used and robust technology but can harm cells. Non-enzymatic detachment methods offer advantages but also present challenges. Thermo-responsive polymers require precise control of the molecular characteristics and thickness of the thermoresponsive films, which makes this method less robust and more expensive. This review highlights the importance of controlling harvested cell quality and its relationship to cell binding and detachment mechanisms. Many alternative methods have not been extensively analyzed, and their impact on cell quality beyond standard viability assays is not yet known. Developing robust cell harvesting methods for bioreactor microcarriers is a rapidly growing challenge as the cell manufacturing industry expands. Microcarriers with stimuli-responsive coatings face challenges similar to those observed for laboratory-scale cell dishes and bring an additional aspect of the need for microbead recycling consideration. All that together underlines the importance of the research in biomaterials and biotechnology for cell manufacturing.

Hospital-acquired infections are considered a priority for public health systems, which poses a significant burden for society. High-touch surfaces of healthcare centers, including textiles, provide a suitable environment for pathogenic bacteria to grow, necessitating incorporating effective antibacterial agents into textiles. This paper introduces a highly durable antibacterial gel-like solution, Silver Shell finish, which contains chitosan-bound silver chloride microparticles. The study investigates the coating's environmental impact, health risks, and durability during repeated washing. The structure of the Silver Shell finish was studied using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). TEM images showed a core-shell structure, with chitosan forming a protective shell around groupings of silver micro-particles. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) demonstrated the uniform deposition of Silver Shell on the surface of fabrics. AATCC Test Method 100 was employed to quantitatively analyze the antibacterial properties of fabrics coated with silver microparticles. Two types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used in this study. The antibacterial results showed that after 75 wash cycles, a 100% reduction for both S. aureus and E. coli in the coated samples using crosslinking agents was observed. The coated samples without a crosslinking agent exhibited a 99.88% and 99.81% reduction for S. aureus and E. coli after 50 washing cycles. AATCC-147 was performed to investigate the coated samples' leaching properties and the crosslinking agent's effect against S. aureus and E. coli. All coated samples demonstrated remarkable antibacterial efficacy even after 75 wash cycles.

The development of electrospun nanofibers based on cellulose and its derivatives is an inalienable task of modern materials science branches related to biomedical engineering. The considerable compatibility with multiple cell lines and capability to form unaligned nanofibrous frameworks help reproduce the properties of natural extracellular matrix and ensure scaffold applications as cell carriers promoting substantial cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation. In this paper, we are focusing on the structural features of cellulose itself and electrospun cellulosic fibers, including fiber diameter, spacing, and alignment responsible for facilitated cell capture. The study emphasizes the role of the most frequently discussed cellulose derivatives (cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, etc.) and composites in scaffolding and cell culturing. The key issues of the electrospinning technique in scaffold design and insufficient micromechanics assessment are discussed. Based on recent studies aiming at the fabrication of artificial 2D and 3D nanofiber matrices, the current research provides the applicability assessment of the scaffolds toward osteoblasts (hFOB line), fibroblastic (NIH/3T3, HDF, HFF-1, L929 lines), endothelial (HUVEC line), and several other cell types. Furthermore, a critical aspect of cell adhesion through the adsorption of proteins on the surfaces is touched upon.

Currently, the significantly developing fields of tissue engineering related to the fabrication of polymer-based materials that possess microenvironments suitable to provide cell attachment and promote cell differentiation and proliferation involve various materials and approaches. Biomimicking approach in tissue engineering is aimed at the development of a highly biocompatible and bioactive material that would most accurately imitate the structural features of the native extracellular matrix consisting of specially arranged fibrous constructions. For this reason, the present research is devoted to the discussion of promising fibrous materials for bone tissue regeneration obtained by electrospinning techniques. In this brief review, we focus on the recently presented natural and synthetic polymers, as well as their combinations with each other and with bioactive inorganic incorporations in order to form composite electrospun scaffolds. The application of several electrospinning techniques in relation to a number of polymers is touched upon. Additionally, the efficiency of nanofibrous composite materials intended for use in bone tissue engineering is discussed based on biological activity and physiochemical characteristics.

Nanoscale powders of hydrated Ca2P2O7, CaCO3, and a product of mixed-anionic composition containing P2O74− and CO32− anions were synthesized from aqueous solutions of Ca(CH3COO)2, pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7), and/or (NH4)2CO3. Pyrophosphoric acid was previously obtained on the basis of the ion exchange process from Na4P2O7 solution and H+-cationite resin for further introduction into the reactions as an anionic precursor. The phase composition of powders after the syntheses was represented by bioresorbable phases of X-ray amorphous hydrated Ca2P2O7 phase, calcite and vaterite polymorphs of CaCO3. Based on synthesized powders, simple cylindrical constructions were prepared via mechanical pressing and fired in the temperature range of 600–800 °C. Surface morphology observation showed the presence of bimodal porosity with pore sizes up to 200 nm and 2 μm, which is likely to ensure tight particle packing and roughness of the sample surface required for the differentiation of osteogenic cells. Thus, the prepared ceramic samples can be further examined as model objects for bone tissue repair.

Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4, after firing in the range 800–1000°C have been prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4⋅2H2O) powder synthesized using aqueous 1 M calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4) solutions. In the preparation of the powder, the precipitate was washed four times with distilled water to remove ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, a reaction by-product and, after drying, the powder was disaggregated in acetone. The synthesized CaSO4⋅2H2O powder particles had an elongated prismatic shape both before and after disaggregation. After firing at 800, 900, and 1000°C, the microstructure of the ceramics based on the synthesized CaSO4⋅2H2O powder free of reaction by-products contained sintered elongated polycrystalline structures, confirming that the ceramics inherited the microstructure of the starting powder. Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4, can be recommended for the fabrication of implants for bone tissue defect repair by regenerative medicine methods because they are biocompatible and bioresorbable.

— Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO 4 , after firing in the range 800–1000°C have been prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO 4 ⋅2H 2 O) powder synthesized using aqueous 1 M calcium nitrate (Ca(NO 3 ) 2 ) and ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) solutions. In the preparation of the powder, the precipitate was washed four times with distilled water to remove ammonium nitrate, NH 4 NO 3 , a reaction by-product and, after drying, the powder was disaggregated in acetone. The synthesized CaSO 4 ⋅2H 2 O powder particles had an elongated prismatic shape both before and after disaggregation. After firing at 800, 900, and 1000°C, the microstructure of the ceramics based on the synthesized CaSO 4 ⋅2H 2 O powder free of reaction by-products contained sintered elongated polycrystalline structures, confirming that the ceramics inherited the microstructure of the starting powder. Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO 4 , can be recommended for the fabrication of implants for bone tissue defect repair by regenerative medicine methods because they are biocompatible and bioresorbable.

A method for obtaining composite biodegradable materials in the form of films and fibers, based on hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix and synthetic nanopowders of calcium salts containing phosphate and/or carbonate anions, was proposed. The phase composition of fillers previously synthesized from Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O, (NH4)2HPO4 and/or (NH4)2CO3 aqueous solutions at a chosen ratio of components was represented by hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2), brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O), as well as calcite and vaterite polymorphs (CaCO3), all of which are known to be compatible with biological cells. Filled poly(vinyl alcohol)-based nanofibers with the wide thickness range of approximately 190–530 ​nm were manufactured from composite suspensions by bottom-up type of electrospinning. The addition of calcium carbonate to the suspension with a particle filling degree of 20% showed a significant reduction in operating voltages (from 42 ​kV to 28 ​kV) during electrospinning process and, as a result, facilitated stable fiber formation. According to the microscopy data, the average size of inorganic inclusions did not exceed 5 ​μm for fibrous materials, while the particle size of calcium phosphate fillers in films obtained by casting into polystyrene molds, was characterized by larger values (up to 40 ​μm) due to intensive crystallization process on film surfaces. The biocompatible phase composition and structural features, including surface roughness and special particle morphology, ensures a potential application of the studied materials as filled scaffolds for the multipotent stromal cells cultivation in bone tissue engineering.

Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4, after firing in the range 800-1000 degrees C have been prepared from calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O) powder synthesized using aqueous 1 M calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)(2)) and ammonium sulfate ((NH4)(2)SO4) solutions. In the preparation of the powder, the precipitate was washed four times with distilled water to remove ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, a reaction by-product and, after drying, the powder was disaggregated in acetone. The synthesized CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O powder particles had an elongated prismatic shape both before and after disaggregation. After firing at 800, 900, and 1000 degrees C, the microstructure of the ceramics based on the synthesized CaSO4 center dot 2H(2)O powder free of reaction by-products contained sintered elongated polycrystalline structures, confirming that the ceramics inherited the microstructure of the starting powder. Ceramics consisting of anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4, can be recommended for the fabrication of implants for bone tissue defect repair by regenerative medicine methods because they are biocompatible and bioresorbable.

X-ray amorphous powder was synthesized from a water solution of calcium acetate and a mixed-anionic \( \left({\mathrm{HPO}}_4^{2-}/{\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-}\right) \) water solution, including ammonium hydrophosphate and ammonium carbonate, at room temperature without pH regulation. The powders synthesized from the mixed-anionic \( \left({\mathrm{HPO}}_4^{2-}/{\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-}\right) \) solution can be recommended for fabricating composite materials with a polymer matrix or for obtaining ceramic containing tricalcium phosphate and calcite phases with firing temperature not exceeding 600°C.