In this paper, we present a comprehensive open source pipeline for the analysis of mineral compositions in microscopic images of polished sections. Our contributions span from data acquisition to final statistical interpretation. First, we introduce LumenStone S1 and S2, two pixel-level annotated datasets for mineral segmentation into 10 classes, and Lumen-Stone P1, a dataset of overlapping microscopic images intended to construct high-resolution panoramas. We developed a novel panorama stitching method specifically tailored to microscopic images of polished sections, which outperforms conventional stitching software in terms of alignment accuracy and color retention. We evaluate three semantic segmentation architectures (custom ResUNet, PSPNet, HRNet+OCR) with class-balanced sampling, where HRNet+OCR achieves 97.8 % pixel accuracy and $\text{9 2. 8 \%}$ mean IoU on 10-class mineral segmentation. The pipeline enables large-scale automated analysis by training on patch-level annotations and applying inference to high-resolution panoramas without requiring panorama-level manual annotation. The entire pipeline is available through the open source Python package petroscope, providing standardized tools for reproducible mineralogical analysis.

For the first time, authigenic dispersed biotite was discovered in Pleistocene terrigenous sediments of the Central Hill, located in the Escanaba Trough in the southern part of the Gorda Ridge (northeastern sector of the Pacific Ocean), which accounts for almost the entire content of fine fractions 1 μm of some samples from ODP 1038B hole. The authigenic nature of biotite is associated with the metasomatic effect of hydrothermal solution on terrigenous clay minerals after intrusion of basaltic magma in the form of laccolith with a temperature of ~1200°C. The mineral composition of fine fractions of sediments was studied using complex analytical methods, including modeling of their diffraction patterns. It has been established that the dispersed micaceous mineral (biotite) is trioctahedral, high-iron, does not swell when saturated with glycol, but contracts after heating at 550°C. It is shown that in its structure there are no foreign layers, the height and composition of which differ from the micaceous layers. The decrease in the height of micaceous layers upon heating biotite to 550°C is mainly due to a decrease in the height of 2:1 octahedra due to the difference in the Fe2+–O and Fe3+–O bond lengths as a result of the oxidation of Fe2+ cations It has been established a limit value for the coefficient of variation CV, characterizing the absence of mixed-layering in a regular structure, which should not exceed a value of 0.10.

We propose the neural network-based method for segmentation of minerals in images of geological polished sections. We use a specific image set where the images are taken in plane-polarized (PPL) and cross-polarized (XPL) light, with different rotation angles relative to the optical axis of the camera. The data set, formed in that way, allows to obtain additional information that improves the quality of the anisotropic mineral segmentation, as that type of minerals changes its color (“blinks“) depending on the rotation angle when imaging under the XPL light. The peculiarity of our method is the registration of the XPL images with the PPL images of the same polished section which is further fed to the neural network. Additionally, a data balancing algorithm was used to compensate for the non-uniform occurrence of different minerals in the image set. Five segmentation models have been trained both with using additional images and without using them. The results have demonstrated that using XPL images, registered in advance with the corresponding PPL image, improves the quality of segmentation by 3–12 percent for anisotropic minerals and by 1–8 percent for isotropic minerals.

A new approach is proposed to assess the degree of defect density of kaolinite minerals using their IR spectra in the OH-stretching vibration region. Three linear equations were obtained that relate the ratios of spectroscopic parameters to each other: A( ν_3)/A( ν_3) + A( ν_2) = - 1pt 0.2177FWHM( ν_1)/FWHM( ν_4) + 1.247; FWHM( ν_3)/FWHM( ν_2) = - 0.5804FWHM( ν_1)/FWHM( ν_4) + 2.8696; FWHM( ν_3)/FWHM( ν_2) = 2.636A( ν_3)/A( ν_3) + A( ν_2) - 0.4437 , where: FWHM(νi) is a full width at half maximum and A(νi) is the integral intensity of Lorentzian absorption bands at ν1 3697 cm–1, ν2 3670 cm–1, ν3 3652 cm–1 and ν4 3620 cm–1, respectively. These equations made it possible to establish criteria for decomposing the IR spectra into individual bands (νi) and determining the optimal values for the FWHM(νi) and A(νi) parameters used for calculating the contents of high-ordered kaolinite (HOK) and low-ordered kaolinite (LOK) phases in natural samples with an accuracy of 5

Using a complex of analytical methods, clay minerals were studied in Pleistocene sediments from Hole ODP 1038B (120.50 m deep), drilled on the northwestern edge of the Central Hill (Escanaba Trough, Gorda Ridge) near the hydrothermal source with a temperature of 108°C, as well as in Pleistocene background terrigenous sediments from reference Hole ODP 1037B, drilled in the Escanaba Trough 5 km south of the Central Hill. The terrigenous clay mineral assemblage in sediments from Hole 1037B consists of the mixed-layer smectite-illites, smectite, chlorite, illite, and kaolinite. Sediments from Hole 1038B in the interval from the bottom surface to a depth of 5–7 m are composed of terrigenous clay minerals. In the rest of the sedimentary section, clay minerals are represented by the newly formed biotite, chlorite, and dioctahedral smectite. They were formed during the basaltic melt intrusion into the Escanaba Trough with the formation of a laccolith and the subsequent rapid cooling of its flank. The intrusion was accompanied by the ascent of high-temperature hydrothermal fluid in the central discharge channel, interacting with the adjacent sediments. As a result, the fine-dispersed biotite was formed in sediments at the high-temperature stage of this interaction due to the primary terrigenous clay minerals, K-feldspar, and amphiboles. The rapid cooling of the hydrothermal fluid to a temperature of presumably 270–330°C promoted the partial replacement of biotite by chlorite. The further rapid cooling of the hydrothermal fluid to 200°C and lower and its mixing with seawater seeping into sediments of the Central Hill fostered the formation of smectite.

A comprehensive study of the Maastrichtian–Danian boundary rocks in the Klementyev Mountain section (eastern Crimea) was carried out. The lithological characteristics of carbonate, carbonate–clayey, and clastic rocks are scrutinized. The dynamic of changes in the benthic and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages is analyzed. The geochemical and isotopic data were obtained for this section for the first time. The stratigraphic range of the upper Maastrichtian and lower Danian has been specified. The late Campanian–early Maastrichtian age of the underlying rocks has been confirmed for the first time. Sediments of the Klementyev Formation were deposited in a deep-sea pelagic paleoenvironment on the submerged part of the outer shelf, whereas the overlying Lower Danian sediments were deposited in shallow waters of the inner shelf with terrigenous sedimentation and high hydrodynamic activity.

Clay minerals were studied in Pleistocene sediments from Hole 1038А (114.50 m deep) and Hole 1038Н (192.80 m deep) drilled near a hydrothermal vent with a temperature of 217°C on Central Hill, 275 m east of Hole 1038B. In sediments from Hole 1038A, at a depth of 8.52 m, <0.001-mm fraction consists completely of chlorite. In the rest of the sediment section in Hole 1038A, clay minerals consist of chlorite (from 64 to 98

— Using coprecipitation, we have synthesized LnVO 4 (simple) and CaLnZr(VO 4 ) 3 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Yb) (ternary) lanthanide orthovanadates; a La 0.3 Nd 0.5 Sm 0.1 Eu 0.1 VO 4 solid solution, modeling the composition of the lanthanides in radioactive waste (all crystallizing in the zircon structure, sp. gr. I 4 1 / amd ); and LaVO 4 , crystallizing in the monazite structure. Their unit-cell parameters have been shown to increase systematically with increasing lanthanide ionic radius. Their mid- and far-IR vibrational spectra suggest that their symmetry is lower than that of classical zircon. The synthesized compounds are stable up to 900°C. Their average thermal expansion coefficients lie in the range (6–11) × 10 –6 K –1 .

Spontaneous crystals of krieselite (Ge analogue of topaz) with the chemical formula Al-2[(Ge0.75Si0.25)O-4](F1.63OH0.37) were synthesized using a thermo-gradient hydrothermal method at a temperature of 600/650 degrees C and pressure of 100 MPa. The unit cell parameters are: a = 8.9732(8) angstrom, b = 8.4823(7) angstrom, c = 4.7379(5) angstrom, V = 360.62(6) angstrom(3), space group Pnma. The F-/OH- content of the samples was refined by FTIR spectroscopy method. Raman spectroscopy showed the main differences between the spectra of krieselite and topaz at the ambient conditions. The assignment of observed and calculated A(g) bands (cm 1) for non-polarized Raman spectra was carried out. Using in situ Raman spectroscopy at high pressures, the dependence of the shift in the position of the main bands of the krieselite Raman spectrum on the pressure was established, and the corresponding paths of pressure induced distortion of crystal structure was assumed. According to the data of Raman spectroscopy, it was revealed that krieselite does not undergo the phase transitions up to 30 GPa. The probable way of crystal structure distortion within the space group Pnma was proposed based on simulation of high-pressure Raman spectra.

We propose a method of color adaptation for images of polished sections of geological specimens intended to be used in mineral segmentation with a pretrained neural network model. The algorithm approximates color and brightness characteristics of the images by the corresponding values on photographs of polished sections previously used in neural-model training. The key idea of the method is choosing a transition matrix between image color spaces. The color correction algorithm is very fast and trainable on small data sample. The experimental results show that color adaptation of images by the proposed method essentially improves mineral segmentation quality relative to the basic model without color adaptation. The method can be applied to automate geological specimen analysis.

Методом соосаждения получены простые LnVO 4 и тройные CaLnZr(VO 4 ) 3 (Ln = Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Yb) ортованадаты лантаноидов; твердый раствор La 0.3 Nd 0.5 Sm 0.1 Eu 0.1 VO 4 , моделирующий состав фракции лантаноидов РАО, имеющие структурный тип циркона (пр. гр. I 4 1 / amd ); а также LaVO 4 , кристаллизующийся в структурном типе монацита. Параметры элементарных ячеек монотонно возрастают с ростом ионного радиуса лантаноида. Колебательные спектры в средней и дальней ИК-областях свидетельствуют о понижении симметрии соединений по сравнению с классическим цирконом. Фазовая стабильность полученных соединений сохраняется до 900°C. Средние коэффициенты теплового расширения варьируются в интервале (6–11) × 10 –6 K –1 .

Background . Dysfunction of the bladder and intestinal tract, as well as sexual disorders, can be caused by pathologies of the pelvic organs themselves or changes in the control of these organs by the nervous system. Modern questionnaires are organ-specific and are intended for specific neurological disorders. Questionnaire on pelvic organ function is a valuable instrument for evaluation of complaints from neurological patients, therefore there is a necessity of creating an official adapted Russian version. Aim . Creation of a Russian-language version of the pelvic organ function questionnaire and its validation on a cohort of patients with neurological diseases. Materials and methods . Following international standards, validation of the questionnaire included linguistic and cultural adaptation and assessment of its psychometric properties. Approval of the Russian-language questionnaire version was obtained directly from the developer, Ryuji Sakakibara. The questionnaire was tested twice – before and after treatment. There were 48 patients over 18 years old (18 with Parkinson’s disease, 15 with multiple sclerosis, and 15 post-stroke). Results . The Median (IQR) age of patients was 56.5 (42–70.5) years. A Russian-language version of the questionnaire was developed during linguistic and cultural adaptation. This version of the questionnaire is posted in the text of this publication. It is also available on the website of the validation group of the international scales and questionnaires of the Research Center of Neurology. At the 2nd stage of validation, it was shown that the mean score in the sample was 2.03 ± 0.52 per question upon admission to the hospital and decreased significantly to 1.91 ± 0.51 per question on discharge (Wilcoxon test, p ˂ 0.0001). It confirms the questionnaire’s high sensitivity to changes in the clinical picture. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.82 (p ˂ 0.001).It indicates the high level of internal consistency of the questionnaire. Significant Spearman’s coefficients prove criterion validity of the studied questionnaire compared to the established questionnaires. Conclusion . This Russian-language version of the pelvic organ function questionnaire is a useful assessment tool for patients’ complaints and disease dynamics. This work is valuable as an example of adapting a foreign scale or questionnaire to the local health care system.

To determine the composition of inhomogeneous samples using the method of laser-spark emission spectrometry, calibration dependences are used, which can have significant systematic errors that significantly affect the determination of the quantitative composition of elements. Sample inhomogeneity also causes inaccuracies in replicate measurements. To reduce errors, multi-signal calibration and internal standard methods are used, which can significantly improve accuracy when changing experimental conditions and eliminate the need to purchase ex-pensive standard samples.

The volcanic–edaphogenic material raised by a grab sampler in the 53th voyage of R/V Akademik Ioffe from the depth of 4685 m in the area of the Wima transform fault was studied. The mineralogy and the distribution of chemical elements between the minerals of igneous origin are considered. Initial approximate modeling of some conditions of the formation of this material was performed. The hydrogenous nature of ferromanganese crusts found in fragments of igneous formations was suggested. The relationship between the formation of volcanic–edaphogenic material and the activity of near-bottom oceanic currents was analyzed.

Plagioclases from gabbroids of the Kharaelakh intrusion on the western flank of the Oktyabr’skoye deposit were studied using infrared spectroscopy. An analysis of 130 Fourier IR absorption spectra of plagioclases indicates a regular compositional change in the isomorphic series from andesine (1150 and 1096 cm–1) to anorthite (1142 and 1275 cm–1) depending on the degree of rock differentiation in the intrusion. The data of IR spectroscopy were verified by control X-ray microanalysis of the chemical composition. The Fourier IR spectra indicate that andesine is associated with olivine-bearing and olivine gabbro–dolerite. Anorthite is evenly distributed in gabbro–dolerite, but predominates in leucocratic gabbro. Analysis of Fourier IR spectra indicated the presence of iron and potassium among the impurities in the structure. Fe3+ was recorded among the minor elements in plagioclases in the rocks confined to the intervals of ore disseminated mineralization (chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite), such as picritic gabbro–dolerite, by absorption bands at 1580–1644 cm–1. The new data we obtained is of great mineralogical significance. The revealed regularities in the distribution of minor elements in the section of ore and barren differentiates are recommended for use in the practice of geological exploration.

The plagioclases of the Kharaelakh intrusion on the western part of the Oktyabrsky deposit were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of 130 Fourier-IR absorption spectra of plagioclases with selective verification of their chemical composition by X-ray spectral microanalysis indicates a regular change in the isomorphic series from albite (1150, 1096 cm–1) to anorthite (1142, 1275 cm–1), depending on the degree of differentiation of rocks in the intrusion. According to Fourier-IR spectroscopy, albite is confined to olivine-containing and olivine gabbro-dolerites. Anorthite is evenly distributed in gabbro-dolerites, but predominates in leucocratic gabbro. Among the impurity elements in the structure of the mineral, Fe3+ is noted at peaks of 1580–1644 cm–1 in picrite gabbro-dolerites, where ore interspersed mineralization of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pentlandite is directly developed. In addition to iron impurities, aluminum, potassium, barium, and strontium are also characteristic impurities in plagioclases. The totality of the data used in the section of the intrusion increases the indicative value of plagioclases and can be recommended as an additional mineral criterion of ore content.

AIM:To evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of trospium chloride (Spazmex) for the treatment of patients with neurogenic overactive bladder due to Parkinson's disease (PD) and to determine the influence of therapy on the cognitive status of patients.MATERIALS AND METHODS:60 patients with PD and neurogenic overactive bladder with stages 2.5, 3 and 4 according to Hoehn-Yahr scale were included in the main group. The mean age was 58.2+/-5.7 years. All patients were prescribed trospium chloride at entry into the study, with doses titrated gradually according to clinical efficacy (30 to 90 mg). The comparison group included 15 patients with PD and neurogenic overactive bladder at stages 2,5 and 3, who received tibial neuromodulation according to the standard technique with skin electrodes. The mean age of patients was 56.4+/-4.6 years. At baseline, both groups were comparable in terms of gender, age and cognitive status (p=0.801). All patients received treatment for 52 weeks. The efficiency of therapy was assessed according to bladder diaries, while safety outcomes included postvoid residual, side effects, cognitive status according to the MoCA scale and quality of life according to the SF-Qualiveen questionnaire.RESULTS:clinical efficacy and satisfaction were achieved in all patients who completed the study (47 patients in the main group and 15 patients in the comparison group). Good clinical efficacy was demonstrated in both groups, since there was a decrease in the number of urinations, episodes of urgency and urinary incontinence. In addition, there was an improvement in the quality of life according to the SF-Qualiveen scale. The cognitive status during the entire follow-up period remained without significant changes in both groups.CONCLUSION:Trospium chloride is an effective drug in patients with PD. It does not affect cognitive functions during long-term use. Trospium chloride should be considered as first-line drug in those with urologic manifestations of PD.

The review provides an analysis of domestic and foreign sources devoted to the study of the sperm chromatin structure. The pathogenetic pathways of the sperm DNA fragmentation formation are described. The relationship between sperm DNA damage in pregnancy, live birth rate and the recurrent pregnancy losses in the assisted reproductive technique are presented. The prognostic determination's value of the sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility cases is noted.