Spatial patterns of rock uplift derived from geomorphic analysis provide important constraints on uplift models for the Longmen Shan (LMS), eastern Tibetan Plateau. Based on channel steepness indices defining three zones of distinct rock uplift intensity—high, moderate, and low, earlier work found the spatial distribution of uplift correlates poorly with surface main faults, and hence favored lower crustal flow as the dominant uplift model. However, such geomorphic indices are subject to multi-interpretability. High channel steepness indexes, for instance, may reflect either localized rapid uplift, knickpoint retreat, or contrasts in bedrock erodibility. To reduce this uncertainty, we refine the evolution models of hypsometric integral (HI) and relief in weak uplift regions, regional overall uplift regions and active orogenic belts, and propose a new method to identify weak uplift regions or regional overall uplift regions based on two geomorphic criteria: (1) a negative correlation between HI and relief, and (2) the presence of interfluvial platforms exhibiting high positive values of normalized HI minus normalized relief. Application of this method, combined with previous findings, allows us to delineate the regional overall uplift regions and reduce the multi-interpretability of similar geomorphic indices across the study area. Based on these findings, we reconstruct the spatial distribution of rock uplift intensity, unlike earlier steepness-based interpretations, it is closely associated with main faults. This finding supports upper crustal shortening as a more viable model for LMS uplift than lower crustal flow.

The upper Jinsha River basin (UJRB) located in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been undergoing large-scale landslides and subsequent dam floods. However, the absence of a comprehensive inventory has impeded thorough analysis of large landslides in the UJRB. In this study, the first comprehensive inventory of large landslides in the UJRB was compiled, which includes 122 cases, distinguished from previous ones by following the entire UJRB scope, differentiating landslide feature zones, and characterizing path-dependent landslide geometric properties. Landslide geometric properties, spatial distribution, and dam flood hazard were interpreted based on this inventory. The results showed that large landslides having widening longitudinally shaped transition-deposition zones do not have significant numerical advantages compared those with narrowing shaped zones even they are frontally confined. Generally, in determining landslide spatial distribution, topographic-geomorphic factors (e.g. relief and geomorphic unit) are more important than lithologic-tectonic factors (e.g. lithologic unit and distance to fault), and coarser scale determinants (i.e. major rivers and active faults) are more decisive than finer scale determinants (i.e. minor rivers and inactive faults). Mixing up headscarp and transition-deposition zones overestimated the constraint of topographic confinement on landslide geometry, while significantly underestimated the importance of topographic slope and relief in determining landslide spatial distribution, confirming the essentiality of differentiating landslide feature zones. The empirical probability that a large landslide produces a dam lake in valleys with permanent streams in the UJRB is similar to 25%, and this probability increases to similar to 70% if landslide scale exceeds 10(6) m(2) (1 km(2)). The data and results presented in this study provide elementary information for risk analysis of large landslides and subsequent dam floods in the UJRB.

ABSTRACT The Upper Triassic black shales in the Sichuan Basin are formed in three stages and are predominantly situated at the forefront of the Longmenshan (LMS) thrust belt. These formations are a result of three rapid subsidence events in the foredeep and the development of an underfilled foreland basin, triggered by three intense thrust nappe movements of the LMS orogenic wedge during the Late Triassic. The lateral migration of black shales in the LMS foreland basin, from the northeast to the southwest, suggests that thrust nappe movements of the LMS orogenic wedge predominantly occurred in the northeastern region during the early Late Triassic and gradually shifted toward the southwestern region in the later Late Triassic. The ongoing convergence between the North China Craton and the Yangtze Block at this time likely influenced this migration process.

Machine learning models are extensively employed in landslide susceptibility evaluation, where the selection of non-landslide samples significantly impacts model performance. Traditional methods for non-landslide sample selection often yield inaccurate landslide susceptibility maps due to limitations in spatial representativeness and sample reliability. In this study, an improved information quantity method (IIQM) was proposed to evaluate landslide susceptibility in Yongfeng, South China. Specifically, non-landslide samples were randomly generated in areas with very low and low susceptibility, at least 1,200 m away from any other non-landslide sample. Eight influential factors were selected and analyzed, including slope, elevation, drainage networks, NDVI, roads, land-use types, lithology, and faults. Sample sets of historical landslides and non-landslides derived from the random selection method (RSM), information quantity method (IQM), and IIQM were divided into training and validation sets with a 4:1 ratio. Landslide susceptibility maps were generated using information quantity-logistic regression and respective training sets. The performance of the landslide susceptibility models was evaluated via specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC). Results demonstrated that IIQM-based models outperformed RSM and IQM, achieving a median AUC of 0.87 and an average AUC of 0.88, compared to RSM (median AUC of 0.68 and average AUC of 0.64) and IQM (median AUC of 0.86 and average AUC of 0.85). The IIQM effectively mitigates the inclusion of false non-landslides and improves model generalization, offering a robust framework for non-landslide selection in machine learning-based landslide susceptibility assessments. Also, proximity to roads (0–200 m, information value = 1.04) and lithology (hard-soft integrated stones, InV = 0.54) were identified as dominant contributors to landslide susceptibility in Yongfeng. These findings provide valuable insights into the selection of non-landslide samples, particularly within the context of information quantity-logistic regression and other machine learning models, and may also provide scientific reference for the regional landslide prevention.

The Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit (YPWD), located in the Jiangnan porphyry-skarn tungsten ore belt, is one of the most important and large-scale porphyry W-Mo deposits in South China. While previous zircon U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os data suggest that Yangchuling W-Mo ore bodies formed almost simultaneously with granodiorite and monzogranitic porphyry at ∼150–144 Ma, their post emplacement history remains poorly understood, making their preservation status at depth uncertain. In this paper, new zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He and apatite fission track (ZHe, AHe and AFT, respectively) data of one hornfels and five intrusive rocks from a 1 000-meter borehole are presented. These, together with new inverse thermal history models and previous geochronological data, help elucidate the post-diagenetic exhumation history and preservation status of the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit. In general, ZHe and AHe ages decrease gradually from the near surface downwards and have relatively little intra-sample variation, ranging from 133 to 73 Ma and 67 to 25 Ma, respectively. All four granodiorites yield similar AFT ages that range from 63 to 55 Ma with mean track lengths varying from 12.2 ± 0.7 to 12.6 ± 0.5 µm. Thermal history modelling indicates that the Yangchuling ore district experienced slow, monotonic cooling since the Cretaceous. Age-depth relationships are interpreted as recording ∼3.7 ± 0.8 km of Cretaceous-recent exhumation in response to regional extension throughout South China thought to have been driven by subduction retreat of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. Comparison of estimated net exhumation and previous metallogenic depth of ∼4–5 km suggests that W-Mo ore bodies could still exist at depths of up to ∼1.3 ± 0.8 km relative to Earth surface in the YPWD region. Preservation of the YPWD is attributed to the limited amount of regional denudation during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic.

由于造景岩石普遍为钙质和铁质胶结的砂岩和砾岩，丹霞地貌具有独特的景观特征和成因机制，同时因具有较高的科学和观赏价值而成为备受关注的旅游资源。东南湿润区丹霞地貌的研究程度较高，但是对西北干旱气候区丹霞地貌的研究还比较少见。以新疆阿克苏温宿大峡谷为研究对象，通过野外调查、样品显微镜观察、盐化学和元素地球化学实验以及ArcGIS面积高程积分（Hypsometric integral，HI）方法，探讨该地区丹霞地貌的特征和成因。结果显示：（1）研究区呈现峡谷、山峰及峰林景观，以发育陡崖泥流林和顶盖型石柱为特色，其造景岩石主要为新近纪河流相红色砾岩和砂岩，硬度较高的砾岩层为形成顶盖型石柱提供了有利保障。（2）红层位于温宿盐丘附近，岩石含盐量较高，主要的盐类型为氯化物、硫酸盐和硝酸盐。陡崖洞穴风化碎屑物样品中的大部分主量元素相对于表岩迁出，说明干旱气候下化学风化仍较活跃。（3）面积高程积分显示研究区南部HI值为0.61，处于幼年期，而北部HI值为0.38，处于老年期，整体地貌演化发育阶段差别较大。研究区虽然降水量较低，但河流侵蚀作用明显，同时构造也是影响丹霞地貌演化的主要因素。

The increasing intensity of human activity is exposing more people and property in hill regions to geohazards (including rockfall, landslide, debris flow, et al.). In tectonically weak and humid (TWH) hilly areas, such as the Jiangxi Province, a large proportion of the losses in geohazards are caused by cut slope house-building (CSHB) landslides. The house is the “first line of defense” of a household against geohazards. However, previous studies mainly studied cut slope landslides themselves to reduce disaster losses, but few conducted analyses from the perspective of house damage. Considering the situation, this study makes an inventory of house damage information related to CSHB landslides in Jiangxi Province from 2019 to 2022 and analyzes the house damage characteristics, effects of influencing factors on house damage, and prevention suggestions in TWH hilly areas. Some main findings can be summarized as follows: (i) The main house with a brick-concrete structure will not collapse under the influence of 81.07

丹霞地貌在中国东南湿润地区研究程度较高,但西北干旱-半干旱地区的研究资料较少.西北丹霞地貌在形态特征和形成过程等方面独具特色,对其研究有利于提高对丹霞地貌共性特征的认识,具有重要理论意义.陕北甘泉大峡谷地处黄土高原中部,是黄土覆盖型丹霞地貌的典型代表,具有明显波状起伏的峡谷特征,对该地区的研究有利于更好地认识黄土高原丹霞地貌的演化过程.本文采用野外考察、施密特锤岩石原位硬度测量、样品薄片偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察及地理信息系统(ArcGIS)中面积高程积分等多种方法,探究陕北地区丹霞地貌的造景岩石特征、演化阶段及其控制因素.研究结果表明:(1)研究区的造景岩石为洛河组砂岩,发育大型风成交错层理,孔渗性较好,长石、岩屑及钙质胶结物含量较高,岩石抗风化能力较弱,在流水侵蚀和盐风化作用下形成峡谷密布的丹霞地貌.(2)甘泉大峡谷与桦树沟的面积高程积分值分别为0.51和0.49,指示该地区的地貌演化阶段为壮年期,流水侵蚀为地貌演化的主要控制因素.(3)研究区丹霞地貌于新近纪晚期之前可能已经形成,随后第四纪气候变干,风成黄土堆积在丹霞山峰之上和峡谷之间,流水溯源侵蚀使峡谷进一步加深变长,形成了独具特色的"黄土覆盖型丹霞地貌".本研究可为加深对西北地区丹霞地貌形成过程的理解提供新材料.

印支期泸州-开江古隆起位于四川盆地东部，由于其顶部广泛发育的岩溶不整合面是四川盆地重要的油气储集层而受到广泛关注，但是关于该古隆起的形成时间及成因机制长期存在很大分歧，既影响了对印支期上扬子地区构造演化的认识，也不利于四川盆地油气勘探工作.基于地震、钻井和野外露头资料，详细分析泸州-开江古隆起顶部不整合面，结合区域构造事件、全球海平面变化等资料，利用前陆盆地系统演化模型对泸州-开江古隆起的演化过程及动力机制进行系统分析.认为泸州-开江古隆起的形成及发展期在晚三叠世卡尼期-诺利期，消亡于瑞替期，该古隆起是晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地系统的一个组成单元——前缘隆起，其演化过程主要受控于晚三叠世龙门山造山楔的构造负载和前陆盆地沉积物的沉积负载.晚三叠世，在华北板块和羌塘地体共同向扬子陆块西缘汇聚的构造背景下，扬子陆块西缘发生NW-SE向地壳缩短，导致龙门山造山楔向扬子克拉通的逆冲推覆作用，控制了泸州-开江古隆起的形成与演化.

基于沧东凹陷地震剖面和新生代残留盆地结构的详细分析,利用平衡剖面技术,结合沉积体系演变特征,系统研究了沧东凹陷的原型盆地构造演化过程.结果表明沧东凹陷新生代经历了坳陷期(孔三段-孔一下亚段沉积期)、断陷期(孔一上亚段-东营组沉积期)和坳陷期(馆陶组-平原组沉积期)3 个演化阶段.在断陷期,盆地演化主要受沧东和徐西两条边界断层的控制,盆地伸展作用具有逐渐减弱的特点,并且边界断层伸展作用具有自北西向南东迁移的特点.沧东凹陷新生代的构造演化受控于岩石圈上部简单剪切伸展和岩石圈下部纯剪切伸展的共同作用.

The uplift mechanism of the Cenozoic Longmenshan has two endmember modes: upper crustal shortening and lower crustal flow. The two modes will cause different tectonic deformation responses in the Sichuan basin and form different basinmountain systems. In order to determine the tectonic deformation characteristics of the basin-mountain system in the southern Longmenshan and the frontal area and its dynamic indicative significance, seven sandstone samples from Well Ledi 1 in the southern Longmenshan frontal area were analyzed by low-temperature thermochronology（AFT and AHe） to constrain the exhumation characteristics of the front area. The results show that the shallow strata in the frontal area of the southern Longmenshan have experienced a rapid exhumation stage（～500 to 700 m/Ma） of ～10 to 11 Ma since the Miocene（～21 Ma）.This rapid exhumation stage is synchronized with the rapid exhumation time revealed by the predecessors in the southern Longmenshan. Combined with regional geological data, it is believed that the thrust and nappe from the southern Longmenshan to the southeast at ～10 to 11 Ma, caused the tectonic stress to be transferred to the basin through the multi-layered detachment layers in the southwestern Sichuan basin, resulting in large-scale tectonic deformation and rapid exhumation in the front area. This knowledge indicates the uplift mechanism of the southern Longmenshan is the upper crustal shortening model.

陆相气候敏感沉积物蕴含着丰富的古气候信息,是开展深时古气候研究的重要依据.我国学者利用陆相气候敏感沉积物对深时古气候演变开展了大量的研究工作,取得了丰硕的成果.介绍了常被应用于深时古气候研究的陆相气候敏感沉积物类型,并重点介绍了我国中东部白垩纪陆相气候敏感沉积物的研究进展.通过对我国中东部白垩纪陆相敏感沉积物分布特征的分析发现:在空间上,早白垩世的古气候环境可划分为半干旱气候区、干旱气候区与湿润气候区;晚白垩世的古气候环境可划分为干旱气候区、半干旱气候区与半湿润气候区.在时间上,与早白垩世相比,晚白垩世的干旱气候区范围有明显的扩张趋势,湿润气候区的范围逐渐向东北方向缩小.可见,白垩纪我国中东部气候环境整体上具有干旱化逐渐增强的趋势.最后针对陆相气候敏感沉积物研究存在的问题进行分析,并对其未来发展趋势进行了展望,以期为今后陆相气候敏感沉积物研究及其在深时古气候演变研究中的应用提供参考.

There exist divergent views about the Indosinian tectonic nature of basin and the evolution of basin-range pattern in the southwest margin of the Yangtze block. Detrital zircon U-Pb dating and detrital provenance analysis of sandstone samples from the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic of Xiangyun Section in the western Chuxiong basin were carried out. The results show that the detrital sources of the Upper Triassic Yunnanyi Formation and Luojiadashan Formation are mainly from the Middle-Lower Triassic and Permian in the Upper Yangtze region. The detrital sources of the Upper Triassic Baitutian Formation and the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation are mainly from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane and Kangdian ancient land. Combined with the sedimentary environment evolution and regional geological setting, it is considered that the orogeny is relatively weak during the earlier Late Triassic, and Chuxiong basin is an underfilled basin, whose clastic source supply is insufficient. From the later Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, the tectonic evolution of Chuxiong basin was controlled by the thrust nappe of Ailaoshan orogenic belt,but the sedimentary filling process of Chuxiong basin was mainly controlled by the rapid rise of Songpan-Ganzi orogenic belt.

双语教学是我国高等教育走向国际化的重要举措."第四纪地质学与地貌学"是地质与地质工程专业一门重要的课程,是地质学研究和教学的重要基础.在当前全球化背景下,从国际交流、全球地貌及第四纪地质的角度探索新的教学方法,将双语理论与实践结合起来,以更好地教授"第四纪地质学与地貌学"课程.分析当前双语教学课程中存在的问题,重点讨论了如何在双语教学中更好地帮助英语基础较弱的本科生进行学习;对教学实践进行分析及思考,试图探索并形成合理的教学方法,以期为其他地质院校更好地实施"第四纪地质学与地貌学"双语教学提供参考和借鉴.

The Danxiashan UNESCO Global Geopark (Danxiashan UGGp) is located in Shaoguan, northern Guangdong Province of South China, and was approved as such by the Global Geoparks Network in 2004. It is an ideal site for geodiversity and geoheritage studies as well as a centre for geoeducation owing to its importance in understanding the geodynamics of South China during late Mesozoic and being the most representative danxia landscape (a red beds landscape characterized by well-developed cliffs and developed dominantly on hard conglomerates and sandstones) in the humid subtropical climate of China. The methods of field investigation and literature reviews were applied to document geodiversity characterization of the Danxiashan. The study area is characterized predominately by well-developed Late Cretaceous red beds deposited in alluvial fan and desert environments within a faulted continental basin. The red beds were uplifted during the Himalayan orogenic cycle (ca. 40 Ma to present) and dissected by faulting and jointing to form prominent escarpments and a variety of erosional landforms in tandem with weathering, water erosion and rockfalls. The danxia landscape of Danxiashan is composed of mesas, peaks, cliffs, canyons, rock walls and pillars with dominant bedrock of reddish conglomerates and sandstones. It is designated as the World Heritage ‘China Danxia’ with other five sites in South China owing to its exceptionally beautiful and distinctive landscape as well as diversified geological features and landforms. As one of the earliest and best developed geoparks in China, an assessment and summary of the geodiversity of Danxiashan sets a practical example in formulating long-term strategies in geotourism and geoeducation for geopark development in China and other countries.

Granites of the Mesozoic Era are widespread in South China, and many of them have been shaped into spectacular landscapes with high tourism development values. However, the controlling factors and evolution stages of these granite landscapes were poorly understood. In this study, the Hypsometric Integral curves (HIc), and Hypsometric Integral (HI) values of the Mount Wugong were extracted from digital elevation model data in a geographic information system environment. The relationships between the HCs, HI values, and factors including the tectonism, lithology and climate of the study area were analyzed to determine the evolution of granite landscapes evolution in the main scenic areas of the Mount Wugongshan. The HI values on the northwestern and southeastern slopes of the Mount Wugongshan range from 0.223 to 0.415 and 0.385 to 0.465, respectively; the HCs are mainly concave on the northwestern slopes and irregularly 'S-shaped' on the southeastern slopes. The main ridge of the granite geomorphic scenic area of the Mount Wugongshan, where the alpine meadow geomorphic landscape is located, is in the youthful stage of geomorphic evolution, the Mt. Jinding-Mt. Wanlong and Mt. Mingyue-Wentang scenic areas are in the old stage, and the Yangshimu scenic area is in the mature stage. Differences in watershed scale may be the main reason for the variabilities in geomorphic evolution in the area, while the regular development of tectonic phenomena is a key factor shaping the spatial variability in the watersheds on both sides of the main ridge.

Fatal geohazards result in severe losses of life and property worldwide, thus urging many large-scale studies of such geohazards. Further research on hotspots prone to fatal geohazard identified in national-scale studies is critical for government geohazard prevention. It has been pointed out that more detailed small-scale (sub-national) studies are essential for the hotspots (e.g., Jiangxi Province) identified in national-scale studies. However, there are only a few small-scale studies of hotspots and earlier studies have rarely delved into a thorough and detailed analysis of hotspots. In addition, previous studies of fatal geohazards have failed to offer specific geohazard prevention advice, significant for geohazard control policies. To bridge these gaps, this study took advantage of the Jiangxi Inventory of Fatal Geohazards (JIFGH) and employed spatial analysis and the geographical detector to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics and causes and present prevention advice on fatal geohazards in Jiangxi Province. The study also analyzes the importance of provincial-scale (first-level administrative scale) studies for hotspots identified in national-scale studies. JIFGH includes 386 non-seismically triggered fatal geohazards that caused a total of 979 fatalities in the 1960-2020 period. The temporal trend of fatal geohazards in Jiangxi Province is mainly affected by rainfall and the government geohazard prevention measures. The causes of most fatal geohazards in Jiangxi Province include (i) slope-cutting activities in house construction projects that create steep slopes prone to failure, which threaten the vulnerable residents and buildings nearby and (ii) rainfall that triggers failures of cut slopes. This study not only proposes geohazard prevention advice for Jiangxi Province and tectonically stable areas but also analyzes the significance of provincial-scale studies of hotspots identified in national-scale studies. Therefore, this study contributes to the prevention of fatal geohazards in Jiangxi Province and tectonically stable areas, while also providing an essential reference for other studies of fatal geohazards.

渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷古近系沙河街组三段烃源岩具有良好的生烃潜力,文中利用薄片、地球化学等资料,分析沙三段烃源岩特征及沉积环境,讨论烃源岩有机质富集机制和沉积环境对未熟—低熟烃源岩生烃的控制作用.结果表明:沙三段烃源岩岩性主要为灰质黏土岩、含灰黏土岩,具有较高的有机质丰度,主要为Ⅰ与Ⅱ2型有机质,含少量Ⅲ型有机质,处于未熟—低熟阶段;沧东凹陷在沙三期为半咸水—咸水环境,海侵可能是湖水咸化的原因,烃源岩沉积在缺氧还原环境之中;海侵导致的咸化水体环境可以提高湖泊生产力并促使缺氧环境形成,促进烃源岩中有机质的富集;咸化湖泊环境会促进未熟—低熟烃源岩早期生烃.该结果可为沙河街组油气勘探提供重要参考.

江西省的丹霞地貌主要分布在30余个白垩纪红层盆地中,总共有228处,数量位居全国之首,以鹰潭市龙虎山世界地质公园的丹霞地貌最为典型和知名.根据形态特征,将江西省的丹霞地貌划分为山峰、陡崖、崩积体、峡谷、洞穴及其他微地貌等六大类.燕山构造旋回晚期(主要是白垩纪),在地壳伸展拉张的构造背景下,江西省形成了一系列北东走向的陆相断陷盆地,从盆地边缘到中心依次沉积红色冲-洪积扇相砾岩、河湖相砂岩和泥岩,在信江盆地的中部还发育沙漠相风成砂岩.红层岩相是丹霞地貌演变的基本物质基础,对丹霞地貌的分布具有重要影响.在喜马拉雅构造旋回中,这些红层被构造抬升、切割,随后在风化、流水侵蚀及崩塌等外动力地质作用下形成了红色陡崖坡及一系列侵蚀地貌,即丹霞地貌.以龙虎山世界地质公园核心景区仙水岩为例,用面积高程积分方法对江西省丹霞地貌的演化阶段及其主控因素进行了分析.仙水岩景区地层出露一致,丹霞地貌整体处于老年早期的残丘阶段,地貌侵蚀程度较强;由于水系溯源侵蚀,景区内不同部位地貌的演化阶段、类型及面积高程积分值(HI值)不尽相同.本文对江西省丹霞地貌基本特征及控制因素的分析和总结研究将加深对各类丹霞地貌成因的理解,推动丹霞地貌国际化进程,也为其他湿润气候区丹霞地貌地质遗迹的合理利用提供参考.

Reliable prediction of landslide occurrence is important for hazard risk reduction and prevention. Taking Guixi in northeast Jiangxi as an example, this research aimed to conduct such a landslide risk assessment using a multiple logistic regression (MLR) algorithm. Field-investigated landslides and non-landslide sites were converted into polygons. We randomly generated 50,000 sampling points to intersect these polygons and the intersected points were divided into two parts, a training set (TS) and a validation set (VT) in a ratio of 7 to 3. Thirteen geo-environmental factors, including elevation, slope, and distance from roads were employed as hazard-causative factors, which were intersected by the TS to create the random point (RP)-based dataset. The next step was to compute the certainty factor (CF) of each factor to constitute a CF-based dataset. MLR was applied to the two datasets for landslide risk modeling. The probability of landslides was then calculated in each pixel, and risk maps were produced. The overall accuracy of these two models versus VS was 91.5% and 90.4% with a Kappa coefficient of 0.814 and 0.782, respectively. The RP-based MLR modeling achieved more reliable predictions and its risk map seems more plausible for providing technical support for implementing disaster prevention measures in Guixi.