BackgroundThe wildfire disease on tobacco can seriously hinder plants. Meanwhile, its pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae, can also infect over 200 plants and threat agriculture production. However, the disease usually occurs after summer rains which washes away most copper (Cu)-based bactericides, allowing the disease to invade. Therefore, we fabricate a new nanogel with high disease control and anti-erosion ability and study the effects of the reductant on the performance of the copper oxide nanoparticle (CuONP) composite nanogel. ResultsPolydopamine (PDA) is a polycation for both in situ reduction of CuONP in alginate nanogels and for adjusting the copper ion (Cu2+) releasing rate in this work. The composite nanogel fabricated by PDA (PDA-CuONP@ALGNP@CTAC) had a higher Cu2+ releasing rate, damaging the pathogen membrane more efficiently, allowing for better disease control and plant growth promotion when compared to sodium borohydride (SBH)-fabricated nanogel (SBH-CuONP@ALGNP@CTAC) or the commercial bactericide, thiodiazole copper. The PDA-CuONP@ALGNP@CTAC had a high anti-erosion ability and could remain adhered to the leaf surface even after five rain event simulations. ConclusionThe addition of polycations (like PDA) into CuONP composite nanogel could increase the Cu2+ releasing rate, resulting in improved disease management when compared to SBH-CuONP@ALGNP@CTAC or thiodiazole copper. The PDA containing gel had an improved anti-erosion ability and water resistance. This new composite nanogel has a high potential for wildfire disease control, improving agricultural production. (c) 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxic N-glycosylase that act on eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNAs, resulting in arrest protein synthesis. RIPs are widely found in higher plant species and display strong antiviral activity. Previous studies have shown that PAP and alpha-MMC have antiviral activity against TMV. However, localization of RIPs in plant cells and the mechanism by which RIPs activate plant defense against several plant viruses remain unclear. In this study, we obtained four RIPs (the C-terminal deletion mutant of pokeweed antiviral proteins (PAP-c), alpha-momorcharin (alpha-MMC), momordica anti-HIV protein of 30 kDa (MAP30) and luffin-alpha). The subcellular localization results indicated that these four RIPs were located on the plant cell membrane. Heterologous expression of RIPs (PAP-c, alpha-MMC, MAP30, luffin-alpha) enhanced tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) resistance in N. benthamiana. Compared with the control treatment, these RIPs significantly reduced TMV content (149-357 fold) and altered the movement of TMV in the leaves of N. benthamiana. At the same time, heterologous expression of RIPs (MAP30 and luffin-alpha) could relieve TMV-induced oxidative damage, significantly inducing the expression of plant defense genes including PR1 and PR2. Furthermore, application of these RIPs could inhibit the infection of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and potato virus x (PVX). Therefore, this study demonstrated that MAP30 and luffin-alpha could be considered as new, effective RIPs for controlling plant viruses activating plant systemic defense.

[Objective] This study aims to study the effect of acid stress on the seedling growth of different flue-cured tobacco varieties.[Methods] Using Yunyan 116 and Yunyan 87 as test materials, hydroponics was used to explore the effects of different acidity（pH4.0,pH5.0 and pH6.0） on the root system, leaf subcellular structure and physiological and biochemical indexes of flue-cured tobacco seedlings.[Result] Compared with the control（pH 6.0）, the root activity of flue-cured tobacco seedlings decreased, and the root development was slow or even inhibited; chloroplast and mitochondria were damaged to different degrees; MDA content, superoxide dismutase（SOD）activity, peroxidase（POD） activity and catalase（CAT） activity were increased under acid stress conditions. Compared with pH 5.0, the root length, root surface area, root volume and root tip number of flue-cured tobacco seedlings decreased after 6 days of acid treatment at pH value of 4.0; In the cristae, the content of MDA was increased, and the activities of SOD, POD and CAT were decreased. [Conclusion]Acid stress inhibited the root development of flue-cured tobacco seedlings, damaged leaf subcellular structure and antioxidant enzyme system With the decrease of pH, the degree of damage of flue-cured tobacco seedlings increased. Yunyan 116 was more affected by acid stress, while Yunyan 87 showed stronger acid resistance.

本研究根据烟草靶斑病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)与烟草赤星病菌(Alternaria alternata)、烟草棒孢霉叶斑病菌(Corynespora cassiicola)等田间常见烟草叶部病害病原菌的 rDNA-ITS(ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spac-ers,rDNA-ITS)序列差异位点,设计一对特异性检测引物 RSW1 F/RSW2 R,建立烟草靶斑病菌实时荧光定量 PCR(Real time fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction,RT-qPCR)快速准确检测体系,并分析烟草靶斑病最低发病菌量.结果表明,设计的引物特异性良好,灵敏度达到 1×10-3 ng/μL.利用已获得的实时荧光定量 PCR体系计算得出引起烟草靶斑病发病的最低菌量为 12.03 pg/μL.此外,对重庆龚滩地区烟叶中烟草靶斑病菌含量进行计算,发现土壤以及周边杂草可能为该地区烟草靶斑病菌的侵染来源,并进一步确定该地区预防烟草靶斑病的最佳时期为 5 月 15 日至 6 月 15 日,为烟草靶斑病菌的田间预警预报及流行提供理论依据.

为明确重庆渝东北植烟区土壤中交换性钙、镁养分状况与土壤属性的关联特性,为烟区养分管理提供参考依据,利用 GPS定位技术在渝东北植烟区采集了1092个代表性土壤样品,对巫溪、巫山、奉节、万州、涪陵和丰都6个区县植烟土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量分析,同时与其他土壤属性进行关联分析.结果表明:重庆渝东北植烟土壤交换性钙、镁含量丰富,其平均值分别为10.85 cmol/kg和1.79 cmol/kg,但也存在缺乏现象,且区域分布不均衡.总体来看,土壤交换性钙缺乏(<6 cmol/kg)占比28.30％,土壤交换性镁缺乏(<1.0 cmol/kg)占比42.75％.涪陵县与丰都县的土壤交换性钙、镁缺乏最严重,占比分别为40.00％和55.00％.丰都县与万州区土壤交换性钙、镁含量最适宜烤烟种植,占比分别为42.00％和36.61％.母质是影响土壤交换性钙、镁含量的重要因素,二叠系泥灰岩发育形成的土壤交换性钙、镁含量较高,侏罗纪紫色砂岩含量最低.植烟土壤 pH、阳离子交换量与交换性钙、镁存在显著正相关关系,而土壤交换性酸总量与二者呈显著负相关,交换性钙镁缺乏是引起烟田酸化的主要原因.1～2 mm与<0.25 mm 粒径团聚体是引起土壤交换性钙、镁分异的关键因子,应当促进粒径>2 mm的土壤大团聚体的形成.本研究可为重庆渝东北地区植烟土壤交换性钙、镁养分管理提供科学依据.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the most widely spread and harmful virus in the world, causing serious economic losses annually. However, the low anti-erosion ability of the pesticides for TMV management make it easy to be washed by the rain, which makes the effective duration of the pesticides shorter. In this paper, a new bio-based nanogel with superior antiviral activity was reported, and its slow-release behavior, rain erosion resistance and the antiviral mechanism was systematically studied. The results determined that the nanogels (Zn2+@ALGNP and Zn2+@ALGNP@PL) exhibited sustained releasing of Zn2+ with a 7 days duration, and the ε-PL coating could enhance the releasing rate of Zn2+. Moreover, Zn2+@ALGNP@PL displayed a lower contact angle, indicating greater adhesion to the leaf surface, and in consequence imposed better resistance to simulate rain erosion than pure Zn2+. Strikingly, Zn2+@ALGNP@PL could inhibit plant virus infection by aggregating the virions and reducing its coat protein stability, as well as inducing the efficient expression of reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and resistance genes to enhance plant resistance and promote plant growth. Overall, this study had successfully developed a high rain-erosion resistant bio-based nanogel capable of continue to induce resistant plants and promote plant growth.

以重庆市渝东北烟区6个区县典型烟田为调查对象,通过土壤样品采集和实地调研相结合的方法,对连作烤烟田的土壤理化及生物学性状、水肥管理和病虫害现状等进行了系统调查.结果显示,渝东北烟区土壤酸化比例为32.78％,酸化趋势明显;有25.55％的土壤有机质质量分数偏低,有75.5％的烟田碳氮比偏低;80.0％的烟田耕作层平均厚度为12 cm,耕作层以下是坚硬的犁底层,犁底层较10年前上移6 cm,12 cm以下土层严重板结,存在坚硬犁底层,贯穿阻力显著增加,土壤水稳性大团聚体比例骤减,土壤各项物理指标变差;烟田连作5年以上显著降低了土壤细菌群落的多样性;烟田养分非均衡化现象突出,磷钾不同程度累积,而钙镁等中微量元素缺失比例较大.渝东北烟区常年连作,用养结合不够,土壤退化现象突出,土壤"五大平衡"被破坏,土壤处于亚健康状态是近年来根茎病害日趋严重的根本原因之一,开展山地烟田土壤退化阻控及修复关键技术研究势在必行,以使土壤和烟叶质量协同提升,为渝东北烟区特色优质烤烟可持续生产保驾护航.

Cold environmental conditions may often lead to the early flowering of plants, and the mechanism by cold-induced flowering remains poorly understood. Microscopy analysis in this study demonstrated that cold conditioning led to early flower bud differentiation in two tobacco strains and an Agilent Tobacco Gene Expression microarray was adapted for transcriptomic analysis on the stem tips of cold treated tobacco to gain insight into the molecular process underlying flowering in tobacco. The transcriptomic analysis showed that cold treatment of two flue-cured tobacco varieties (Xingyan 1 and YunYan 85) yielded 4176 and 5773 genes that were differentially expressed, respectively, with 2623 being commonly detected. Functional distribution revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in protein metabolism, RNA, stress, transport, and secondary metabolism. Genes involved in secondary metabolism, cell wall, and redox were nearly all up-regulated in response to the cold conditioning. Further analysis demonstrated that the central genes related to brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway, circadian system, and flowering pathway were significantly enhanced in the cold treated tobacco. Phytochemical measurement and qRT-PCR revealed an increased accumulation of brassinolide and a decreased expression of the flowering locus c gene. Furthermore, we found that overexpression of NtBRI1 could induce early flowering in tobacco under normal condition. And low-temperature-induced early flowering in NtBRI1 overexpression plants were similar to that of normal condition. Consistently, low-temperature-induced early flowering is partially suppressed in NtBRI1 mutant. Together, the results suggest that cold could induce early flowering of tobacco by activating brassinosteroid signaling.

Control of plant virus diseases largely depends on the induced plant defence achieved by the external application of synthetic chemical inducers with the ability to modify defence-signalling pathways. However, most of the molecular mechanisms underlying these chemical inducers remain unknown. Here, we developed a chitosan-coated lentinan-loaded hydrogel and discovered how it protects plants from different virus infections. The hydrogel was synthesized by coating chitosan on the surface of the calcium alginate-lentinan (LNT) hydrogel (SL-gel) to form a CSL-gel. CSL-gels exhibit the capacity to prolong the stable release of lentinan and promote Ca2+ release. Application of CSL-gels on the root of plants induces broad-spectrum resistance against plant viruses (TMV, TRV, PVX and TuMV). RNA-seq analysis identified that Nicotiana benthamiana calmodulin-like protein gene 3 (NbCML3) is upregulated by the sustained release of Ca2+ from the CSL-gel, and silencing and overexpression of NbCML alter the susceptibility and resistance of tobacco to TMV. Our findings provide evidence that this novel and synthetic CSL-gel strongly inhibits the infection of plant viruses by the sustainable release of LNT and Ca2+. This study uncovers a novel mode of action by which CSL-gels trigger NbCML3 expression through the stable and sustained release of Ca2+.

The spatial variation of soil nutrients in Wanzhou tobacco fields is large, and the lack of systematic research restricts the development of Wanzhou tobacco industry. In order to fully grasp the current situation of soil nutrients in tobacco fields in Wanzhou District, in 2021, representative soil samples of planting units in 5 townships in the district were selected for analysis. The current situation of soil nutrients in the district was obtained, and fertilization divisions were carried out and corresponding fertilization plans were proposed. The results showed that the average soil pH in Wanzhou tobacco-growing area was 5.32, and 75% of the soil was acidic, and the soil acidification was serious. The suitable proportions of soil organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, exchangeable calcium and exchangeable magnesium in Wanzhou tobacco planting area were 30.4%, 52.7%, 27.6%, 25.9%, 32.1% and 38.7%, respectively. In terms of soil nutrients, the soil organic matter is relatively rich, the supply capacity of alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen is good, the available phosphorus is generally moderate, and the available potassium is generally high. Soil available iron and manganese in Wanzhou tobacco planting area are high, and the effective zinc is in the suitable range with a high percentage soil available copper, available boron, available molybdenum and water-soluble chlorine are deficient. The spatial distribution of each element is uneven. Soil pH in Wanzhou tobacco-growing area affects soil exchangeable calcium and magnesium, which in turn significantly affects soil cation exchange capacity. Therefore, the Wanzhou tobacco planting area of Chongqing City should take the measures of “reducing acid, increasing carbon and nitrogen, adjusting phosphorus, reducing potassium, and supplementing micronutrients”. Based on the results of soil nutrient determination, according to the fertilization zoning map, the fertilization process should be based on the specific areas and plots to put forward scientific and reasonable fertilization scheme of each region. This study provided a scientific reference plan for the sustainable development of the flue-cured tobacco industry in Wanzhou District.

通过对2021年重庆市丰都县植烟土壤的各项养分指标分析及土壤酸碱度和土壤交换性钙镁、阳离子交换量的相关性分析,探究丰都县烟区土壤养分丰缺情况,并因地制宜地提出土壤改良方案.结果显示:2021年丰都县土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和交换性钙、镁含量均值分别为30.1 g/kg、176.4 mg/kg、77.1 mg/kg、488.0 mg/kg、6.19 cmol/kg和0.92 cmol/kg.土壤pH均值为5.6,酸化程度为46％,可见丰都县植烟土壤潜性酸化问题严重.土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和交换性钙镁含量缺乏的比例为4.0％、0.0％、1.0％、1.0％、45.2％和67.1％.土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和交换性钙镁含量过剩的比例为42.0％、43.0％、90.0％、93.0％、3.6％和3.6％.根据养分含量分级标准可知,该县土壤养分含量丰富,土壤肥力良好,土壤有机质和碱解氮含量适宜,有效磷和速效钾含量整体偏高,交换性钙镁含量偏低.丰都县土壤pH与土壤交换性钙镁均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),土壤pH与土壤阳离子交换量呈弱负相关.综上所述,重庆市丰都县植烟区应按照测土配方结果,结合烟区实际生产情况,采取降酸、稳有机质和氮素、控磷钾、增钙镁等措施,实施大配方、小调整的植烟土壤管理措施,以达到烟叶产质量的共赢.

In the process of tobacco disease investigation in Chongqing, an unknown leaf spot disease on tobacco was found in Runxi Town, Pengshui County, Chongqing. To identify the taxonomy of the pathogen, typical diseased samples were collected from the affected tobacco fields.After tissue isolation, strain purification and pathogenicity determination by Koch’s rule, this leaf spot disease was diagnosed and identified with rDNA-ITS molecular identification method. The results showed that the spot of the leaf disease was irregular and surrounded by a faint yellow halo, the center of the diseased part was gray white and densely covered with black spots. The strain psrx-1isolated from the samples was pathogenic to healthy tobacco plants. The morphological characteristics of the pathogenic strains could be described as follows: the sporodochium was cushion-shaped, dark brown, spherical or hemispherical; the conidial stems were closely arranged, short and upright; the conidia were dark brown, spherical or nearly spherical without diaphragm, and the surface displayed granular bulges or wrinkles. Through rDNA-ITS gene sequence alignment analysis, this disease was identified as tobacco leaf spot disease caused by Epicoccum sp., which is a new tobacco disease reported for the first time in Chongqing tobacco-planting area.

作物从播种到收获,外界环境的不同会使作物的生长发育朝着不同方向发展.为了达到高产、高效、优质的目标,常通过施肥的方式实现作物的养分吸收,从而更加有效地促进作物的生长发育.要实现作物的经济效益最大化,不能盲目过量施用肥料,应该科学施肥.不同的施肥量和施肥方式会取得不同的效果,只有择其最优,才能发挥作物的最大潜力,提高资源利用率.

通过对2021年重庆市酉阳县371份植烟区土壤养分指标的分析,并与2002年、2012年和2017年数据进行纵向对比,分析该县植烟区土壤养分现状及演变趋势,并因地制宜地提出科学合理的施肥建议.结果表明:土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾质量分数平均值分别为22.6 g/kg、133.98 mg/kg、41.42 mg/kg和328.52 mg/kg,以上各个养分指标在适宜范围的比例分别为57.2％、77.1％、27.5％和16.7％.从当前烟田土壤养分情况看,烟田土壤有机质含量中等,碱解氮供应能力良好,有效磷和速效钾含量整体偏高.与2017年相比,2021年烟田土壤pH值变化不显著,仍有26.4％的烟田需要改良,土壤有机质、碱解氮质量分数平均值分别减少了 19.3％和4.8％,有效磷、速效钾质量分数平均值分别增加了 2.0％和17.7％.因此,重庆市酉阳县植烟区应采取"降酸、稳氮素及有机质、控磷钾"等措施,按照测土配方施肥原理,建立配方施肥区划图,采用"区域大配方"和"地块小调整"的养分管理策略,实现烟叶质量和土壤质量的协同提升.

烟田土壤酸化问题已成为我国烟田土壤质量和烟草生产的主要限制因素,然而,到目前为止对烟田土壤酸化机理及调控技术尚缺乏系统性研究及总结,极大地限制了我国烟田土壤酸化改良进程和烟叶可持续生产.本文综述了近些年来国内外烟田土壤酸化机理及调控技术的研究进展,定量分析了不同致酸因子对烟田土壤酸化的贡献,揭示了盐基离子的投入和输出不平衡(输出>>投入)是导致烟田土壤酸化的主要原因.此外,氮肥的不合理施用、不均衡的养分管理和酸沉降等也会加速烟田土壤酸化.在此基础上,提出了相应的酸化调控措施:施用石灰和碱性改良剂是最常用且有效的措施,但必须注意的是,在改良酸化土壤的同时要注重保护和修复土壤的微生态环境,生物有机肥及农家肥等有利于保护和恢复土壤微生态.本文提出利用"碱度"作为酸碱平衡的杠杆,来确定改良物料的施用量,从而达到土壤酸碱平衡;同时应按照不同区域土壤酸化程度实现精准分类降酸治理,达到"精准降酸",既有效地解决土壤酸化问题,又节约改良物料,提高经济效益.

明确烟田腐殖质携带病毒种类及其传播效率,对于烟田腐殖质处理防治病毒病传播至关重要.本研究采用RT-PCR技术,检测重庆市奉节地区烟田腐殖质中携带病毒种类,并种植健康无毒苗于腐殖质中,检测烟苗带毒情况,明确腐殖质传毒能力.结果表明,重庆市奉节地区腐殖质中烟草花叶病毒、黄瓜花叶病毒带毒率为100.00％和66.67％,高温待腐熟腐殖质烟草花叶病毒传毒率为66.67％,高温腐熟烟草花叶病毒传毒率为0,高温待腐熟和高温腐熟黄瓜花叶病毒传播率为0.综上所述,本研究首次明确腐殖质能携带烟草花叶病毒和黄瓜花叶病毒,且高温腐熟腐殖质能有效抑制烟草花叶病毒传播,高温能有效抑制黄瓜花叶病毒传播,为烟田腐殖质处理抑制病毒传播提供科学依据.

为明确烟田烟叶携带病毒与周边作物和杂草携带病毒的亲缘关系,利用RT-PCR克隆烟田烟叶与周边杂草和作物携带病毒外壳蛋白(CP),通过MEGA序列比对分析黔江烟田烟叶和周边杂草与作物所带病毒种类及其亲缘关系.结果显示,黔江地区烟草感染病毒有烟草普通花叶病毒(TMV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)和马铃薯Y病毒(PVY);在烟田周边杂草和作物番薯、四季豆、糯米团、三悬叶钩草、杂草中检测到了TMV;自番薯、四季豆、蓬蘽、千里光、糯米团、三悬叶钩草中扩增出CMV;自番薯、四季豆、假酸浆、杂草中扩增出了PVY.进化关系分析显示,三悬叶钩草、四季豆、糯米团以及番薯为黔江烟田烟叶TMV的主要来源,蓬蘽为烟叶病毒病CMV的侵染源,假酸浆为烟田PVY的主要来源.

为明确围蔸培土技术对烟草生长和抗性的影响及最佳围兜培土时间,在重庆市奉节县烟草基地开展田间小区试验,调查了不同时间进行围蔸培土处理对烟株生长以及抗病性的影响.结果表明,围蔸培土处理可促进根长、株高、叶长、叶宽和茎围的生长,增加鲜质量、干质量、有效叶片数、侧根数、总产量和产值,并且该技术处理后能增强烟株抗病性,降低烟草病毒病、赤星病和野火病的病情指数.其中,不同时间进行围蔸培土处理的效果存在差异.当在移栽后15 d围蔸培土时,促生效果最明显,产量和产值较不围蔸处理每667 m2增加24.39 kg和343.26元,不围蔸培土处理以及移栽后35 d围蔸培土处理比较,差异存在统计学意义;当在栽后15 d围蔸培土时,烟株病情指数降低最显著.综合研究结果,建议今后生产上推广围蔸培土技术时以移栽后15～25 d处理为宜.

Silver (Ag)-containing agents or materials are widely used today in plant protection for their antimicrobial activity. In view of the superior inhibitory ability of biosynthesized (aldehyde-modified sodium alginate based) silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against plant pathogenic fungi in our previous research, here we explored the antagonistic effect of biosynthesized AgNPs on plant pathogenic bacteria and the underlying mechanism. We selected Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci , the causal agent of tobacco wildfire disease, as the target and found that 1.2 μg/mL biosynthesized AgNPs completely inhibited the growth of P. syringae pv. tabaci in vitro and in vivo by partly destroying the cell membrane structure of the pathogen, resulting in cytoplasmic leakage. Moreover, Nicotiana benthamiana treated with 1.2 μg/mL biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a significant upregulation of nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 ( NPR1 ) and pathogenesis-related gene 2 ( PR2 ), the typical markers of the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense system, and an increase in peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities as well as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, biosynthesized AgNPs treatment increased the chlorophyll content and dry weight of N. benthamiana . Overall, we demonstrated that biosynthesized AgNPs at a low concentration have high inhibitory effect on the pathogen causing tobacco wildfire disease by destroying bacterial cell membrane and inducing defense resistance in host plant. These results lay a theoretical foundation for further application of biosynthesized AgNPs in the control of plant bacterial diseases.

Control of plant virus disease largely depends on the induced plant defense achieved by the external application of synthetic chemical inducers with the ability to modify defense-signaling pathways. However, most of the molecular mechanisms underlying these chemical inducers remain unknown. Here, we developed a lentinan-loaded hy-drogel with a core-shell structure and discovered how it protects plants from different virus infections. The hydrogel was synthesized by adding a chitosan shell on the sur-face of the polyanion sodium alginate-calcium ion-lentinan (LNT) hydrogel (SL-gel) to form CSL-gel. CSL-gel exhibits the capacity to prolong the stable release of lenti-nan and promote calcium ions release. Application of CSL-gel on the root of plants induces broad-spectrum resistance against TMV, TuMV, PVX and TRV. Further-more, RNA-seq analysis identified that the calmodulin-like protein 19 gene (CML19) is upregulated by the sustained release of calcium ions from the CSL-gel, and silenc-ing and overexpression of CML19 alter the susceptibility and resistance of tobacco to TMV. Our findings provide evidence that the novel and synthetic CSL-gel with the sustainable release of LNT and calcium ion strongly inhibits the plant virus infection. This study uncovers a novel mode of action by which CSL-gel with the stable release of calcium ion triggers CML19 expression.