Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) has typical triad: short middle limbs, short stature, Madelung deformity of wrist, and increased body mass index. Short stature and high body mass index are risk factors for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune thyroid diseases. However, metabolic disorders and thyroid diseases in adult LWD patients have not been elucidated. This paper reports two adult patients with LWD presented to the Department of Endocrinology and metabolism. By introducing clinical characteristics, genetic variations, and diagnostic methods, physicians can deepen their understanding of LWD, improve diagnosis, and be aware of the comorbid metabolic diseases and thyroid disorders with a view of early prevention and treatment.

Prolactin (PRL), a polypeptide hormone secreted by pituitary prolactin cells, was first known for its role in regulating and maintaining lactation in the mammary gland. The specific binding of prolactin and prolactin receptor results in a series of reactions in organisms. Prolactin receptor is widely found in many other organs and tissue cells. These make PRL act on multiple organs and be involved in the occurrence and development of diseases, not only the mammary gland, which is the traditional target gland of prolactin. This review aims to understand the physiological and pathophysiological functions of prolactin in humans more comprehensively. This review summarizes the roles of prolactin in non-mammary tissues and related diseases, including the digestive system, reproductive system, immune, nervous system, and endocrine system.