黄曲霉是玉米(Zea mays L.)青贮过程的主要污染物之一,本研究旨在从玉米青贮饲料中分离筛选出能够抑制黄曲霉菌生长的乳酸菌,为改善和提高青贮饲料品质提供优良菌种.本试验采用双层平板法,从玉米青贮饲料中筛选抑制黄曲霉的菌株,并对其进行生理生化鉴定及同源性分析,构建系统发育树,明确各菌株的分类地位.结果表明:从青贮发酵不同阶段筛选得到50株乳酸菌,其中有7株乳酸菌对黄曲霉有明显抑制作用(P＜0.05),抑菌圈直径均大于3.60 cm,均为革兰氏阳性同型发酵乳酸菌,7株乳酸菌中Q39(49.40％)和Q40(49.60％)抑菌效果最好,抑菌圈直径为4.15 cm和4.17 cm,显著高于其他5株乳酸菌(P＜0.05);菌株Q11,Q28,Q40,Q44与22种碳水化合物作用均呈阳性,菌株Q39和Q49与鼠李糖作用呈阴性,与松三糖反应呈弱阳性,菌株Q13相较于其他6株菌株对于碳源的利用情况较弱;经16S rDNA鉴定确定菌株Q39和Q49为植物乳杆菌,Q11,Q13,Q29,Q40,Q44为戊糖乳杆菌.菌株Q39和Q40可作为全株玉米青贮发酵的备选添加菌株.

Soil microorganisms found in shrub-meadow ecosystems are highly heterogeneous and extremely sensitive to grazing, but changes in microbial compositional and functional heterogeneity during grazing exclusion (GE) have been largely overlooked compared to community diversity. We collected soil samples from heavily grazed plots (6.0 sheep/ha) and GE plots (matrix and patch areas in both), and used a combination of next-generation sequencing, vegetation features, and the associated soil property data to investigate the effect of GE on the composition and function of microbial communities (bacteria fungi, and archaea) in 0–10 cm soils. Regarding community composition, the proportions of species in bacteria, fungi, and archaea were 97.3, 2.3, and 0.4%, respectively. GE significantly affected the species diversity of fungi and archaea but not that of bacteria. GE decreased the heterogeneity of bacteria (2.9% in matrix and 6.2% in patch) and archaea (31.1% in matrix and 19.7% in patch) but increased that of fungi by 1.4% in patch. Regarding community function, enzyme diversity and heterogeneity were increased by 10.4 and 9.4%, respectively, in patch after 6 years of fencing, exemplifying a high level of microbial functional redundancy. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathways—cell growth and death, translation, digestive system, and nucleotide metabolism—were functional biomarkers (linear discriminant analysis effect size method) in matrix-non-grazed plots, whereas lipid metabolism, xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides, cell motility, cancer: overview, endocrine system, and membrane transport were biomarkers in patch-non-grazed plots. Additionally, GE improved the capacity for fatty acid metabolism but decreased the abundance of methane-producing archaea by 42.9%. Redundancy analysis revealed that the factors that affected microbial composition the most were soil aggregates, soil moisture, and the number of plant species, whereas those that affected microbial function the most were soil available phosphorus, soil temperature, and shrub canopy diameter. Our results quantified soil microbial heterogeneity, emphasizing the different responses of the composition and function of bacteria, fungi, and archaea to GE in alpine shrubs and meadows.

Globally, grasslands are affected by climate change and unsustainable management practices which usually leads to transitions from stable, degraded and then to desertification. Spatial vegetation patch configurations are regarded as key indicators of such transitions. Understanding the relationships between this grass-land vegetation and its environment is key to vegetation restoration projects. Spatial vegetation patch patterns were chosen across different soil and topographic conditions. Patch numbers, perimeter, and cover of each patch were measured along transects of each patch type. Using field surveys and multivariate statistical analysis, we investigated the differences in vegetation biomass and distribution and soil properties of four typical alpine plant species patches along with a range of environmental and topographic conditions. It was found that topographic conditions and soil properties, particularly soil moisture explained most of the variation in spatial patch vegetation characteristics and thus control vegetation restoration in the alpine grassland. The Kobresia humilis, Blysmus sinocompressus and Iris lactea patches under the drylands recorded small patch sizes, large patch numbers, low connectivity, and large total perimeter per unit area. Generally, species within the high moisture sites recorded small patch numbers, a large fraction of vegetation cover and a small total perimeter per m2. Patches in limited soil moisture areas recorded patch configurations indicating they are unstable and undergoing degradation and therefore need urgent restoration attention to forestall their further degradation and its resultant effect of desertification. These results would provide quantitative easy-to-use indicators for vegetation degradation and help in vegetation restoration projects.

为探明多年生不同混播组合草地退化后的群落稳定性和可持续性,本研究以祁连山金强河地区22年前建植的6种混播草地为研究对象,对草地群落结构及地下芽库构成进行调查分析.结果表明:4组分混播草地能够较好的保留建植种的地下芽,且以建植种分蘖芽为主,而3组分混播草地地下芽主要由侵入种的分蘖芽、根茎芽、根颈芽和根蘖芽构成,建植种芽密度占比较低;分蘖芽密度与建植种植物盖度、密度和地上生物量正相关,根茎芽、根颈芽、根蘖芽密度与侵入种植物盖度、密度和地上生物量正相关.其中,混播组合"冷地早熟禾(Poacrymophila)+多叶老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)+无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)+扁穗冰草(Agropgyroncristatum)"草地地下芽结构最优,可适当延长混播草地使用年限,是适宜青藏高原高寒地区的混播草种组合.

刈割和施肥是豆禾混播草地生产过程中极为重要的田间管理措施,合理的留茬高度和氮磷配施模式可以有效提高混播草地的生产性能。为探究不同留茬高度和施肥模式对多年生豆禾混播草地产量与品质的影响,在河西走廊地区以紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦和长穗偃麦草1∶1∶1建植的第3年豆禾混播草地为试验对象,利用裂区试验设计,以留茬高度为主区,设置5 cm（A 1 ）、8 cm（A 2 ）、11 cm（A 3 ）3个留茬高度,施肥模式为副区,设置不施肥CK（B 1 ）、单施磷肥:150 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 （B 2 ）、低氮高磷:75 kg N·hm -2 +225 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 （B 3 ）、氮磷平衡:150 kg N·hm -2 +150 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 （B 4 ）、单施氮肥:150 kg N·hm -2 （B 5 ）、高氮低磷:225 kg N·hm -2 +75 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 （B 6 ）6个施肥模式,在混播草地中豆科牧草初花期进行刈割,施肥方式为第1茬刈割后追施。结果表明:以A 3 B 3 (11 cm留茬高度和75 kg N·hm -2 +225 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 的施肥模式)处理组合全年产量最高(19626 kg·hm -2 );A 2 B 2 (8 cm留茬高度和150 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 的施肥模式)处理组合全年产量最低(14342 kg·hm -2 )。提高留茬高度会在一定程度上降低紫花苜蓿整体品质,提高禾本科牧草整体品质。增施氮肥的同时减施磷肥可有效提高牧草粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值（RFV）,施用量过高会使牧草粗蛋白含量和相对饲用价值下降,最合理的氮磷配施模式为150 kg N·hm -2 +150 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 。综合产量和品质的结果来看,适当的磷肥施用量可以显著提高牧草营养品质。利用TOPSIS综合评价模型对混播草地产量及各混播组分营养品质进行整体评价后得出:8 cm的留茬高度以及施150 kg N·hm -2 +150 kg P 2 O 5 ·hm -2 的氮磷为适宜在河西走廊地区紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦+长穗偃麦草混播草地利用的留茬高度与施肥模式的组合。