Crystal structure, Raman spectra, electrical properties, and photoluminescence of unintentionally doped (UID) and W-doped β-Ga2O3 (W:β-Ga2O3) crystals grown using the optical floating zone technique were investigated. Based on the experimental data, W6+ ions substitute Ga3+ ions mainly in the octahedral lattice site, as revealed by the Raman spectroscopic assessment of W:β-Ga2O3 crystals. The carrier concentration of 0.10 mol. % W:β-Ga2O3 (3.92 × 1018 cm3) is more than forty times that of UID crystal (9.55 × 1016 cm3). In addition, the resistivity and mobility of 0.10 mol. % W: β-Ga2O3 decreased from 0.603 to 0.032 Ω cm and 153.1 to 126 cm−2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The transmittance of W:β-Ga2O3 crystals decreases with increasing W content (0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 mol. %) but remains high in the visible wavelength range. Three distinct emissions are observed in the photoluminescence spectra: two blue emissions and a UV band emission. These bands are owing to the −1 charge states of Ga(I) vacancies (VGa1−) at the octahedral site, the −1 charge states of gallium and oxygen vacancy pairs (VGa + VO)1−, as well as the recombination of self-trapped holes (STHs) are confined between two O(II)-s sites, respectively.

This paper studied the structural, optical, electrical, and dielectric properties of the undoped and 0.05 mol% Sn-doped beta-Ga2O3 single crystals through comprehensive characterizations by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, Optical transmittance spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet photoelectron (UPS) spectroscopy, and dielectric measurements. The optical bandgap decreases as Sn content increases. The results of XPS showed that Sn atoms were successfully added to the host beta-Ga2O3 crystal. The position of the Fermi level of 0.05 mol% Sn-doped beta-Ga2O3 is calculated to be 2.56 eV above the valence band and 1.85 eV beneath the conduction band. Also, the computed value of the work function of 0.05% mole Sn-doped beta-Ga2O3 is 4.53 eV. AC conductivity increases, while dielectric loss and dielectric constant decrease with increasing frequency.

Sb-doped β-Ga2O3 crystals were grown using the optical floating zone (OFZ) method. X-ray diffraction data and X-ray rocking curves were obtained, and the results revealed that the Sb-doped single crystals were of high quality. Raman spectra revealed that Sb substituted Ga mainly in the octahedral lattice. The carrier concentration of the Sb-doped single crystals increased from 9.55×1016 to 8.10×1018 cm-3, the electronic mobility depicted a decreasing trend from 153.1 to 108.7 cm2 ·V-1 ·s-1, and the electrical resistivity varied from 0.603 to 0.017 Ω·cm with the increasing Sb doping concentration. The un-doped and Sb-doped β-Ga2O3 crystals exhibited good light transmittance in the visible region; however, the evident decrease in the infrared region was caused by increase in the carrier concentration. The Sb-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals had high transmittance in the UV region as well, and the cutoff edge appeared at 258 nm.

Sb-doped β-Ga203 crystals were grown using the optical floating zone[OFZ]method.X-ray diffraction data and X-ray rocking curves were obtained,and the results revealed that the Sb-doped single crystals were of high quality.Raman spectra revealed that Sb substituted Ga mainly in the octahedral lattice.The carrier concentration of the Sb-doped single crystals increased from 9.55 × 1016 to 8.10 × 1018 cm-3,the electronic mobility depicted a decreasing trend from 153.1 to 108.7 cm2·V-1·s-1,and the electrical resistivity varied from 0.603 to 0.017 Ω·cm with the increasing Sb doping concen-tration.The un-doped and Sb-doped β-Ga203 crystals exhibited good light transmittance in the visible region;however,the evident decrease in the infrared region was caused by increase in the carrier concentration.The Sb-doped β-Ga203 single crystals had high transmittance in the UV region as well,and the cutoff edge appeared at 258 nm.

为明确能源高粱在不同镉(Cd)污染程度稻田中的修复能力,应用5种能源高粱在轻度与中度Cd污染稻田中开展植物修复对比试验,测定了能源高粱各部位Cd的积累量、富集系数、转运系数和土壤Cd变化量,并分析了能源高粱Cd的富集特征与土壤Cd含量间的相关性.结果表明:在轻度污染稻田(全Cd含量为0.59 mg/kg),5种能源高粱地上部Cd积累量为13.62～34.70 g/hm2,富集系数为1.53～3.38,转移系数为0.25～0.68,'阿尔托2号'(V4)地上部Cd积累量比'阿尔托601'(V1)、'阿尔托901'(V2)和'阿尔托1号'(V3)分别显著高154.71％、64.90％和30.68％,V3和'N51M4264'(V5)地上部Cd积累量比V1分别显著高94.89％和141.42％;在中度污染稻田(全Cd含量为1.89 mg/kg),5种能源高粱地上部Cd积累量为14.78～53.35 g/hm2,富集系数为0.72～1.65,转移系数为0.24～0.43,V3、V4和V5地上部Cd含量比V1和V2显著高148.26％～260.98％.能源高粱对Cd的富集系数与转移系数呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01),与土壤全Cd含量和有效态Cd含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).研究表明:5种能源高粱在轻度和中度Cd污染稻田均可以正常生长,其中生物质高粱'阿尔托2号'具有较好的生物产量及Cd富集与转移能力,可用于中度Cd污染稻田修复;甜高粱'阿尔托601'的富集与转移能力相对较低,可用于轻度Cd污染稻田安全生产.

β-Ga2O3 crystals have attracted great attention in the fields of photonics and photoelectronics because of their ultrawide band gap and high thermal conductivity. Here, a pure β-Ga2O3 crystal was successfully grown by the optical floating zone (OFZ) method, and was used as a saturable absorber to realize a passively Q-switched all-solid-state 1 μm laser for the first time. By placing the as-grown β-Ga2O3 crystal into the resonator of the Nd:GYAP solid-state laser, Q-switched pulses at the center wavelength of 1080.4 nm are generated under a output coupling of 10%. The maximum output power is 191.5 mW, while the shortest pulse width is 606.54 ns, and the maximum repetition frequency is 344.06 kHz. The maximum pulse energy and peak power are 0.567 μJ and 0.93 W, respectively. Our experimental results show that the β-Ga2O3 crystal has great potential in the development of an all-solid-state 1 μm pulsed laser.

Cd is a common pollutant that contaminates the ecological environment of soil-crop systems and threatens food security and human health. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has a great potential for use as energy feedstock and Cd phytoremediation. Therefore, the identification of sorghum genotypes with high Cd accumulation is of great significance to Cd pollution remediation and production of bioenergy. A total of 126 biomass sorghum genotypes grown in a Cd-polluted field were investigated, and their agronomic traits were analyzed, including plant height, leaf number, shoot dry weight (SDW), soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, and concentration of metal ions at seedling stage. Plant height was an important factor for screening potential biomass sorghum species because it presented a significant correlation with the Cd concentration in shoots and SDW (P < 0.01). The highest and lowest Cd concentration in sorghum shoots were 7.88 and 0.99 mg kg−1, respectively. The Cd concentration presented a negative and significant correlation with Mn in sorghum shoots (r = −0.303, P < 0.01), which was in agreement with the results that sorghum species with high Cd concentrations have lower Mn concentrations. In the mature stage, sorghum 12530 presented higher Cd concentration and dry weight in shoots compared with other genotypes. In summary, plant height, SDW, and concentration of Mn in sorghum shoots are critical parameters that synthetically influence the accumulation of Cd in sorghum shoots.

The accumulation of Cd and Pb in rice grains poses a potential threat to human health, which is a subject of increasing concern across the globe. We examined the effect that foliar spraying of Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Zn-EDTA) (0.3% and 0.5% w/v) during the early-grain filling stage has on rice grain yield and Cd, Pb, Zn and Fe contents in rice tissues via a field experiment. The grain yield significantly decreased with the foliar application of 0.5% Zn-EDTA. In rice grain, foliar spraying of 0.5% Zn-EDTA significantly decreased the Cd and Pb contents, but increased the Zn and Fe contents. The main reasons for the decrease in the Cd and Pb content in grain were the inhibition of Cd and Pb by roots and the increased Fe content in grain via Zn-EDTA application. The foliar spraying of Zn-EDTA decreased the grain yield and Cd and Pb contents, while increased the Zn and Fe contents in grains.

文章采用田间小区试验研究了在重金属污染土壤上等量(施用总量为2.5 g/kg土,即562.5 g/m2)施用石灰(L)、海泡石(S)和铁锰矿粉(FM)及其组合对土壤镉铅有效性、小白菜生物量及镉铅含量的影响.结果 表明,该研究施用量下,L和LFM(石灰+铁锰矿粉)处理小白菜生物量比对照分别显著降低47.28％和41.79％.3种钝化剂及其组合均提高土壤pH值和降低土壤CaCl2-Cd和CaCl2-Pb含量.与CK处理相比,施用钝化剂后土壤pH值提高0.07～1.73个单位,CaCl2-Cd和CaCl2-Pb含量分别降低9.34％～96.89％和16.06％～78.10％;其中L处理CaCl2-Cd含量降低程度最大,LSFM(石灰+海泡石+铁锰矿粉)处理CaCl2-Pb含量降低程度最大.SFM(海泡石+铁锰矿粉)和LSFM处理均能显著降低小白菜地上部Cd和Pb含量,较对照两组合小白菜Cd含量分别显著降低41.29％和41.11％,Pb含量分别显著降低30.71％和46.46％.综合考虑小白菜生物量及地上部Cd和Pb含量,SFM和LSFM组合在降低小白菜地上部Cd和Pb含量的同时亦不会造成其地上部生物量显著降低.研究结果为小白菜的安全生产提供了参考依据.

为探明易降解有机物及其施用方式对高粱吸收镉的强化效应,通过盆栽试验探讨了2 mmol·kg -1 草酸（OA）、2 mmol·kg -1 柠檬酸（CA）和1 g·kg -1 水溶性有机肥（DOF）分次（1～4次）施加对土壤中镉（Cd）的活性、高粱（Sorghum bicolor L.）生长及对Cd吸收的影响。结果表明:施加OA、CA和DOF提高了土壤中Cd的活性,且OA、CA分4次施加和DOF 1次施加时,土壤中DTPA-Cd含量最高,分别比CK显著增加了11%、30%和29%;OA、CA和DOF 1次施加对高粱生物量无显著影响,分2次施加则显著抑制了高粱生长,其中DOF处理的生物量较CK下降38%;OA、CA和DOF分2～3次施加促进了高粱对Cd的吸收,高粱根部、地上部中的Cd含量及富集系数显著高于CK;OA、CA分3次施加和DOF 1次施加时,高粱地上部分Cd积累量分别比CK显著增加了17%、30%和31%。总体来看,分3次施加CA对土壤Cd活化及高粱吸收Cd的效果最好。

To investigate the pyramid–prism (PY–PR) boundary of a rapidly grown KDP crystal, the exact position of the PY–PR boundary of an X-cut rapidly grown KDP sample is determined by measuring the refractive-index non-uniformity.

采用田间小区试验研究在水稻灌浆初期叶面喷施不同浓度锌（1~5 g·L-1Zn SO4）对水稻（株两优189）产量、各器官镉锌含量和镉转运的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施1~5 g·L-1Zn SO4对水稻产量无显著影响（P＞0.05）。叶面喷施1~5 g·L-1Zn SO4水稻各器官Cd含量降低、而Zn含量提高。糙米Cd含量降低9.0%~47.8%,Zn含量提高31.7%~55.6%。喷锌后根到第一节Cd转运系数（TF第一节/根）、旗叶向第一节Cd转运系数（TF第一节/旗叶）和穗轴到糙米Cd转运系数（TF糙米/穗轴）分别降低5.8%~43.7%、1.0%~30.3%和4.7%~26.7%。糙米Cd含量与TF第一节/根、TF糙米/穗轴和根Cd含量呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。研究结果表明,叶面喷锌降低糙米Cd含量主要是由于抑制根Cd吸收和降低根和旗叶向第一节及穗轴向糙米的转运引起的。喷施3~5 g·L-1Zn SO4显著降低糙米Cd含量,是叶面调控稻米Cd含量的适宜用量。

The structural stability of nonlinear optical material KTiOPO4 (KTP) under laser propagation remains a challenge for its device application for a long time. Here a nano-precipitation recrystallization phenomenon under 632.8 nm laser irradiation was found from KTP crystals via combined techniques of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ex situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphologies of precipitates include spheres, triangles and tetragons, which were formed on the (100), (010) and (001) surfaces of KTP crystals, respectively. It was revealed that different facets of the KTP crystal exhibited significant discrepancy in the stability under laser irradiation due to different atomic stacking structures. Hence, it is believed that our research findings might have new implications and inspirations in constructing KTP devices with better performance. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America.

Yb3+ doped LiNbO3:MgO (Mg, Yb:LN) and Yb3+ doped LiNbO3:ZnO (Zn, Yb:LN) laser crystals were grown from congruent melt by Czochralski (Cz) method and polarized under electric field. The absorption and emission spectra, and decay curves were measured and analyzed. Zn, Yb:LN crystal shows relatively larger cross sections both for absorption and emission spectra. The comparative study indicates that Zn, Yb:LN crystal would be one better crystal on potential laser performance than Mg, Yb:LN crystal.

The Zn2 +(2mol%) doped LiNbO3(Zn2 +∶ LiNbO3) crystal and both Zn2 +(6mol%) and Yb3 +(1mol%) co-doped LiNbO3(Zn2 +∶ Yb3 +∶ LiNbO3) crystals have been grown by Czochralski method.The size of the two crystals were about 30 mm × 40 mm and 30 mm × 50 mm,respectively. The two crystals were characterized by XRD and compared with the standard XRD card. The infrared transmission spectra of the two crystals were measured,and the OH-absorption peaks of the two crystals were identified at about 3484. 2 cm- 1and 3493. 7 cm- 1,respectively. It 's suggested that the Zn2 +concentrations in the two crystals were all below threshold. Investigation of the room temperature absorption and emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime indicate that Zn2 +∶ Yb3 +∶ LiNbO3 crystal was a new potential laser gain material to develop promising functional laser device.

采用Czochralski技术分别生长了双掺Zr4+(1mol％,2mol％,3mol％)和Yb3+(0mol％,1mol％,1mol％)的Zr∶Yb∶LiNbO3晶体.测试了晶体的XRD图谱并与标准图谱进行了比较.测量了晶体的红外透射光谱,OH-的振动吸收峰分别位于3485 cm-1、3488 cm-1和3488 cm-1,当Zr4+浓度达到2mol％以后,继续增大Zr4+浓度,OH-的振动吸收峰不发生移动.研究了晶体的室温吸收、发射光谱和荧光寿命特性,表明Zr∶Yb∶LiNbO3晶体是一种潜在的可用来发展具有抗光损伤的新型激光晶体材料.

Schiff base azamacrocyc1ic nickel(II) complex [NiL]center dot SCN center dot SO4 center dot H2O (L = 5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazamacrocyclic-4,11-diene) was synthesized and characterized by IR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to triclinic, space group P-1 with unit cell parameters: a = 7.2678(11)angstrom, b = 8.9998(13)angstrom, c = 19.513(2)angstrom, alpha = 84.1430(10)degrees, beta = 87.005(2)degrees, gamma = 67.3480(10)degrees, V = 1171.6(3) angstrom(3), Z = 2, M-r = 511.32, D-c = 1.449 Mg/cm(3), mu = 1.043 mm(-1), F-(000) = 542, T = 298(2) K, R = 0.0375, wR = 0.0882 for 6103 reflections with I > 2(I). In the molecular structure unit, the center nickel(II) ion is four-coordinated in a slightly distorted plane square geometry.

A novel coordination polymer Me6N4Co[Cd(SCN)4](where Me6N4 is 5,7,7,12,14,14-Hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene) was synthesized by hydrothermal methods.Then it was characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy.

A novel cobalt(II) complex [phen 2Co] 2 Mn(SCN) 6·4H 2O, where phen is 1,10-phenanthroline, was synthesized and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n with unit cell parameters: a = 10.261(2) Å, b = 19.549(4) Å, c = 19.088(4) Å, α = 90°, β = 95.743(3)°, γ = 90°, V = 3809.7(13) Å 3, Z = 2, Mr = 761.06, Dc = 1.460Mg/cm 3, μ = 0.821 mm -1, F(000) = 1714, T = 293(2) K, R = 0.0676, wR = 0.2057 for 29078 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The crystal structure analysis shows that the cobalt(II) is a six-coordinated in a slightly distorted octahedron environment.