The article represents the stages of historical development of Scientific and Research Institute of Children’s Infections from the moment of its foundation in 1927. The basic directions of scientific and practical activities are reflected. The priority of the institution and its role in the improvement of medical aid rendering to children with an infectious pathology are defined. The scientific achievements the introduction of which into practical public health service has a social value are described.

This article presents the author’s own experience of medical care rendered to the infective patients of the limited contingent of the Soviet troops in Afghanistan is generalized (1979 – 1989). According to factual evidence it is clear that during different periods of time, the percentage of the infective patients averages till 45,2 up to 67, 8% from the general number of the sanitary detachments. The most actual illnesses were typhoid fever, amebiasis, viral hepatitis, malaria and mixt-infections. In the article also covered the main steps of the formation and organization of the hospital base for the infective patients. Special attention is paid to the emergency aid implementation during so-called pre-admission period, realization of the medical grading and prevention of the intensive therapy in the hospitals.