A unique clinical case of successful prevention of HIV infection after transfusion of erythrocyte suspension contaminated with HIV to a 1-year child is described. Importantly, the condition of the child being transfused was severely bad after abdominal operation complicated with intoxication, severe anemia, postoperative bowel syndrome, and sepsis. All this in combination with the high level of HIV RNA in donated blood (more than 40 000 copies per 1 mL) made the risk of HIV transmission very high. The absence of an established procedure for preventive interventions under such conditions and a limited published experience of dealing with such cases made the management of this case still more complicated. The clinical tactics discussed in the present paper resulted in the positive dynamics of laboratory tests and thus may be useful for scholars and clinicians.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders of different degrees of severity are found, in spite of HAART administration, in 60% of HIV patients having undetectable HIV loads. The most common pathology upon brain involvement is HIV-associated encephalitis, although other types of damage to the CNS are encountered. The present review of published data on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders addresses risk factors and etiology of neurological and cognitive disorders, as well as current approaches to their classification and early diagnostics.

Epidemiological data about HIV infection among migrants in Saint Petersburg are reviewed. In 2010-2013, the numbers of newly diagnosed HIV cases per year among foreign citizens increased from 330 to 515, and in 2014 amounted to 1/6 of total newly diagnosed HIV cases. More than 160 migrants have passed an in-depth examination for HIV infection, which included assessing of immunological parameters, viral activity and clinical stages. About 43% of HIV-infected migrants are in need for HAART, yet cannot receive it because they are not citizens of the Russian Federation. The main countries of origin of the migrants are Uzbekistan, Ukrain, and Tadjikistan.

The aspects of laboratory diagnostics of HIV related to diagnosis making, HIV infection follow-up and therapeutic monitoring are discussed. Costs of laboratory tests for primary HIV diagnosis and of outpatient follow-up and inpatient treatment are calculated according to authorised standards for health case in HIV cases.

One of the key groups in terms of HIV are men who have sex with men. The paper presents a three-stage study data of this group of men.

Mechanisms of HIV transportation through blood-brain barrier, vascular plexus and interaction with cerebral cells having CD-4-receptors, СС R-5- and CXCR-4-coreceptors were studied. Cerebral damage developed through latent and acute periods also known as HIV-encephalopathy, HIV-associated neurocognitive dysfunction etc. Cerebral lesions are caused by a variety of chemical agents from pro-inflammatory cytokines to toxic HIV-proteins resulting in development of HIV-dementia through several years. Even early stage of this process revealed significant disturbances of glucose metabolism and evoked potentials EEG alterations which can serve as a marker of HIV-infection. Genetic differences of HIV in blood and spinal liquor with different drug resistance were revealed implying a new approach to therapy development.