In the years 2017–2020, 104 young or adult Demoiselle Cranes ( Anthropoides virgo ) were tracked with GPS-GSM transmitters in Ukraine, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Eight flyways from different parts of the Demoiselle Crane distribution range were specified, with key areas for each flyway identified. In the European part of the range, cranes from different breeding groups followed two flyways using the same route in the fall and spring. The Azov–Black Sea breeding group wintered in Chad, while the Caspian, Volga–Ural, and Cis-Ural breeding groups spent winters in Sudan. Demoiselle Cranes from the Asian part of the range excluding the Trans-Urals carried out a circular migration. In the fall, they used six main flyways to northwestern India arriving there from the north, northeast, and east. In the spring, they flew firstly in a narrow front to the western tip of the Tien Shan Mountains, and then flew out like a fan to the north, northeast, and east. At wintering grounds and summer gatherings, gene flow can occur between cranes of different breeding groups. The migration period consisted of two stages: trophic, when cranes accumulate energy resources, and transit, when they make a long active flight without replenishing energy reserves. Fall migration took place over a short time. With migration route lengths totaling 2170 to 5600 km, the distance of the transit migration varied from 1900 to 4600 km, and their duration lasted from seven to 13 days. This is obviously a period that the Demoiselle Crane is capable of overcoming without essential replenishment of the energy costs, due to the resources accumulated before starting the transit migration. The spring migration of adults was more extended, with shorter daily flights and a longer rest at transit migratory stopovers, this probably being necessary to save energy before the breeding period. Some young cranes returned to their places of birth with their parents in the spring, while others made a transit flight to the first places of a long trophic migratory stopovers located in the southern part of the steppe zone. Some of them spend the whole summer in these territories, while others gradually move to their birthplaces, arriving 1–1.5 months later than adults do. Some young birds visit their birthplaces only after the second winter. Young birds from Transbaikalia and probably from the Altai and Khakassia made two transit flights with a long rest approximately in the middle of the flyway.

Modern data on the migration of the Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo), nesting in Kazakhstan and adjacent territories in Russia, and the Tibetan Common Crane (Grus grus korelovi), inhabiting the Central Tien Shan in southeastern Kazakhstan, are presented. On the basis of remote tracking, flyways of the Demoiselle Crane have been clarified, and key territories have been identified in the premigration period and on the flyways. The features of the Tibetan common crane migration have been established, and a wintering ground on the Muzart River in China has been identified.

于2017年10月-2019年5月,采用直接计数法、瞬时扫描取样法、卫星跟踪和最小凸多边形法(MCP),对新疆阿克苏地区拜城县木扎提河流域灰鹤(Grus grus)的种群特征、活动范围、行为时间分配和行为节律进行调查和分析.结果 表明,2019年越冬灰鹤种群数量超过4 700只,较2016年增加1倍多,种群发展动态呈上升趋势.灰鹤主要以家庭群为主(63.90％),聚集群次之(28.62％),孤鹤最少(7.48％).家庭群主要以2成鸟1幼鸟为主(占46.82％),聚集群以5～8只个体为主(占65.91％).整个越冬期持续140～ 160 d,灰鹤越冬期活动距离为1 058 km,活动区域相对固定,活动区域面积为125 km2.日活动面积和活动距离随着气温的变化而变化,温度降低,日活动范围和活动距离降低;反之,则增加.因此,活动面积和活动距离呈凹形变化,即先增加(10-11月),再逐渐减少(12-1月),然后增加(2-3月)的变化趋势.取食和警戒是灰鹤的主要越冬行为.灰鹤的46.8％日间时间用于取食,17.8％的日间时间用于警戒,用于休息、走动、理羽和其他行为的日间时间分别占13.4％、11.4％、7.4％和3.2％.日取食高峰呈双凸型,出现在8:00-9:00和17:00-18:00,分别达到57.0％和58.5％.休息高峰出现在11:00-15:00,占24.6％,呈单峰型.研究区灰鹤种群面临着放牧、农耕、天敌、道路车辆、低温和人为驱赶等诸多威胁因素.