This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution, diversity, and biocontrol potential of culturable endophytic fungi in the healthy roots of cultivated and wild Astragalus mongholicus (CA and WA), aiming to develop a microbiome-driven strategy for sustainable root rot management. A total of 304 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from roots of CA and WA, with 61 morphologically distinct representative strains identified via ITS sequencing. These strains belonged predominantly to Ascomycota (98.36

Elucidating the charge transfer dynamics in S-scheme heterojunctions is pivotal for advancing highly efficient solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion. Herein, a CuInS2/In2O3 S-scheme heterojunction is rationally constructed to achieve efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution under full-spectrum (UV-Vis-NIR) irradiation. Benefiting from the compact electron distribution and unique crystal structure of CuInS2, the heterojunction exhibits enhanced light absorption and a narrowed bandgap. The intimate interfacial contact between CuInS2 and In2O3 induces a built-in electric field, driving electron transfer from CuInS2 to In2O3. In2O3 serves as an effective electron acceptor, promoting charge separation while suppressing interfacial recombination, thereby preserving the strong redox capability of the S-scheme system. As a result, the CuInS2/In2O3 heterojunction delivers a hydrogen evolution rate of 15.6 mmol g−1 h−1 under full-spectrum irradiation, which is 2.75 times higher than that of pristine CuInS2. This work provides mechanistic insight into charge transfer regulation in S-scheme heterojunctions and highlights the critical role of interfacial electric fields in enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen production.

Deeper understanding the charge transfer dynamics mechanisms in the S-scheme heterojunctions is crucial for improving the photocatalytic H2O2 production efficiency, but remains still challenge. In this work, we mainly focus on the effect of staggered interface band structure on the photocatalytic H2O2 production activity for Sscheme heterojunctions. CoIn2S4/Ag3PO4 S-scheme heterojunctions were constructed for photocatalytic H2O2 production. The introduction of Ag3PO4 can creates the built-in electric field to improve the charge separation efficiency and local charge density, thus facilitating the photocatalytic H2O2 production reaction. CoIn2S4/ Ag3PO4 S-scheme heterojunctions exhibit excellent photocatalytic activity with H2O2 production of 1534.8 mu mol g- 1 h- 1, which is 1.85 times higher than that of pure CoIn2S4 (828.8 mu mol g- 1 h- 1). In-depth investigation of the charge dynamic changes is crucial for establishing the relation of structure and photocatalytic activity.

Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were reared on mixtures of swine manure and circulating fluidized bed fly ash (CFA) in different ratios. The aim was to evaluate the impacts of insoluble inorganic matter on BSFL and larval frass. The growth performance and nutrient composition of the BSFL were measured under different treatments. The intestinal microbiota structure, morphological characteristics, and total proteolytic activity of the gut were analyzed. The larval frass was tested for nutrients and analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and scanning electron micrographs. In particular, the surface areas of microparticles from the larval frass (diameter < 0.0074 mm) were measured using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. It was found that CFA addition prolonged larval development and reduced the maximum larval weights. The mean larval length, crude protein, and highest larval weight showed negative regression with an increase in the CFA ratio (P < 0.05). Morphological images indicated that physical clogging might be the main influencing factor on larval growth. Moreover, the microbial diversity and complexity in the larval gut increased with CFA addition, but CFA addition had little effect on the composition of dominant phyla or genera (P > 0.05). Finally, the nutrient composition revealed that the frass met the organic fertilizer standard when the CFA addition ratio was less than 7.5%. The optimal addition ratio was 5%, at which the larvae had a more stable and healthier gut environment, but there was less of an effect on larval growth and nutrient composition. Moreover, particles from 5% CFA mixture had the highest surface area.

Exploring full solar spectrum-responsive heterojunction photocatalysts continues to pose significant challenges. In this study, In-NiS/In2O3 heterojunctions are constructed by introducing a high concentration of low-coordination-vacancy atoms for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline (TC). In-NiS/In2O3 heterojunctions show a nanoparticle structure and good light absorption in the full solar spectrum with 200-2400 nm and achieve the highest degradation rate of 99.3% under infrared light irradiation, as well as favorable photostability. The improved photocatalytic activity is attributed to the enhanced light absorption range and charge separation efficiency owing to the introduction of low-coordination-vacancy atoms. Moreover, the main active species are h(+) andO(2)(- )in the TC degradation process.

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The microecology of endophytic fungi in special habitats, such as the interior of different tissues from a medicinal plant, and its effects on the formation of metabolites with different biological activities are of great importance. However, the factors affecting fungal community formation are unclear. This study is the first to utilize "mini-community" remodeling to understand the above phenomena. First, high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to explore the community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi in the above-ground tissues (Ea) and below-ground tissues (Eb) of Ephedra sinica. Second, fungi were obtained through culture-dependent technology and used for "mini-community" remodeling in vitro. Then, the effects of environmental factors, partner fungi, and plant tissue fluid (internal environment) on endophytic fungal community formation were discussed. Results showed that environmental factors played a decisive role in the selection of endophytic fungi, that is, in Ea and Eb, 93.8% and 25.3% of endophytic fungi were halophilic, respectively, and 10.6% and 60.2% fungi were sensitive to high temperature (33 °C), respectively. Meanwhile, pH had little effect on fungal communities. The internal environment of the plant host further promoted the formation of endophytic fungal communities.

We report on the synthesis of a cage-type calix[4]pyrrole (1) bearing an additional basic pyridinebisthiazolamine group on the strap. The receptor in its protonated form shows strong affinity and selectivity for sulfate over a wide range of inorganic anions. With receptor 1 as a liquid-liquid extractant, H+/SO42- in the form of H2SO4 is almost quantitatively extracted from an aqueous solution containing HNO3 at a high concentration to CH2Cl2 in a recyclable manner.

Ephedra sinica , a well-known Chinese medicinal plant, is characterized as having the opposite medicinal effect among its root and stem. However, there is a lack of understanding to differentiate the active components present in the root and stem of E. sinica, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the differential compounds, which has significantly hampered the further development and utilization of E. sinica resource. In this study, forty-five differential metabolic markers are affiliated to alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and organic acids between root and stem of E. sinica , and sixty genes of key enzymes are involved in their biosynthesis distributed in metabolic pathway branches such as phenylalanine metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropane biosynthesis, based on combination non-targeted metabolome with transcriptome technologies. The finding revealed that the expression activity changes of these enzyme genes had a direct impact on the distinction of differential metabolic markers in the root and stem of E. sinica . This study will help to understand the molecular mechanism of the differentiation and biosynthesis of the primary active metabolites in the root and stem of E. sinica , providing a theoretical foundation for its quality control and promotion in cultivation.

Foodborne pathogens pose a major challenge to food safety. Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) can be used as a food preservative; however, its antimicrobial mechanism is still unclear. This study found that DHQ had significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes and Candida tropicalis (P < 0.05), the effect being most pronounced against E. coli. The antimicrobial mechanism against E. coli was investigated. Observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the DHQ-treated cells became distorted and exhibited phenomena such as adhesion, folding, plasmolysis, and the occurrence of vacuoles. DHQ resulted in a significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cell membrane as determined using a fluorescence probe. The determination of Annexin V-FITC/P kit showed that cell membrane permeability significantly increased with increasing DHQ concentration (P < 0.05) and cell membrane integrity was damaged. Cell membrane potential measurement by Rhodamine 123 staining revealed that DHQ caused cell membrane depolarization, leading to a significant reduction in membrane potential (P < 0.05). Moreover, DHQ caused intracellular Ca2+ leakage, which perturbed the growth, metabolism and functional activity of E. coli. DHQ interfered with the cell cycle of E. coli as determined using propidium iodide/ribonuclease (PI/RNase) staining buffer. These findings revealed that DHQ can inhibit E. coli growth mainly by acting on the cell membrane and consequently affecting the normal passage of cells.

以沙漠来源的锁阳-唐古特白刺(简称白刺)寄生植物体为对象,通过高通量测序分析寄生植物体内生细菌分布和组成及功能.结果表明,锁阳与寄生白刺、锁阳与非寄生白刺之间内生细菌OTU(Operational taxonomic units)组成相似性分别为11.50％和2.33％;锁阳内生细菌物种丰富度显著高于非寄生白刺(P＜0.05),而锁阳和寄生白刺内生细菌丰富度差异不显著;锁阳和非寄生白刺组间UniFrac距离为0.75,而锁阳和寄生白刺组间UniFrac距离为0.35,说明锁阳与寄生白刺间的菌群结构差异显著减小.随着寄生行为的发生,寄生双方内生细菌群落组成发生显著变化,寄主白刺相对丰度较高的属为糖霉菌属和Lepidoceras;锁阳中为Lepidoceras、伯克氏菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和苍白杆菌属;非寄生白刺中为Lepidoceras和伯克氏菌属.Lepidoceras和伯克氏菌属等7株菌在锁阳中的相对丰度显著高于寄生白刺(P＜0.05),仅有糖霉菌属和Olivibacter在寄生白刺中相对丰度显著高于另外两种样本(P＜0.05).内生细菌功能分析表明,分解木质纤维素的主要功能基因如NADH脱氢酶(K05575)、淀粉磷酸化酶(K00688)、α-淀粉酶(K01176)和环葡聚糖水解酶(K01208)等在寄生白刺中的相对丰度显著高于锁阳(P＜0.05),这对认识沙漠条件下锁阳植物的成功寄生具有重要意义.

There are many species of Chinese traditional leguminosae family plants that are well known for their medicinal applications, such as Astragalus membranaceus, Catsia tora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Sophora flavescens and Albacia acacia. Their unique bioactive composition and internal phenological environment contribute to the formation of specific and unique endophytic fungal communities, which are important resources for new compounds used in a variety of pharmacological activities. Nonetheless, they have not been systematically studied. In the last decade, nearly 64 genera and thousands of species of endophytic fungi have been discovered from leguminosae plants, as well as 138 secondary metabolites (with 34 new compounds) including flavonoid, alkaloids, phenol, anthraquinone, macrolide, terpenoid, phytohormone and many more. These were shown to have diverse applications and benefits, such as antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidative, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective properties. Here, we provide a summarized overview with the aim of raising awareness of endophytic fungi from medicinal leguminosae plants and providing a comprehensive review of the discoveries of new natural products that may be of medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.

试验于2018—2021年连续4 a在山西省临汾市浮山县通过定位监测生物有机肥替代化肥对旱地玉米土壤养分和产量的影响,设CK(不施肥)、NPK(单施化肥)、NPKDB(化肥减量20％+生物有机肥)和NPKHB(化肥减量30％+生物有机肥)4个处理,调查分析试验田土壤养分、土壤酶活性和玉米产量,旨在为有机替代、化肥减量提质增效实现旱地玉米稳产高产提供一定理论依据.结果表明,同一年份不同施肥处理对旱地玉米土壤养分和酶活性均有提高作用,其中,NPKHB处理效果最佳,与NPK处理相比,4 a内土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量平均分别提高了6.90％、24.65％、51.20％、5.47％;统计分析可知,土壤酶活性与养分含量呈显著相关性;产量调查结果不减略增;随着生物有机肥替代年份的增加,提高土壤养分含量和酶活性的效果也更加明显.因此,生物有机肥以一定比例替代部分化肥可以提高土壤养分含量和酶活性,在保证产量的同时减少对环境的污染,其是旱地玉米高效持续生产和发展绿色农业的一项重要措施.

An approach to 2,3-dihydrobenzo[f]isoindolones by a Ag-catalyzed Ugi 4CR/cascade radical cyclization sequence under mild conditions has been developed. The reaction of (E)-2-benzylidene-4-arylbut-3-ynoic acids, aldehydes, amines, and isocyanides produced 2,3-dihydro-benzo[f]isoindolones regioselectively in 60-85% yields via sequential Ugi 4CR/cascade radical cyclization reaction in the presence of Cs2CO3 and AgOTf. The method achieved the formation of two C-C bonds under air atmosphere in one-pot fashion.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biofertilizers on the structure and diversity of the rhizosphere bacterial community of maize. Different biofertilizers were applied to maize. The physical and chemical properties of rhizosphere soil samples were analyzed and the rhizosphere bacteria were analyzed by 16S amplicon sequencing. The results showed that treatment with Bacillus licheniformis and B. amyloliquefaciens as biofertilizers increased the soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen, total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents, indicating that the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in the biofertilizers might help the host plant to produce root exudates that, in return, recruit beneficial communities due to available sugars, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, and polymers. The rhizosphere of maize treated with B. subtilis biofertilizer had the highest diversity and richness. However, the rhizosphere treated with the combined bacterial strains had the lowest diversity and richness, which might be due to the directional increase of the abundance of some bacteria with special functions, but the decrease of the overall bacterial community diversity in the soil. The dominant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria (32.2%-34.6%), Acidobacteria (15.0%-21.0%), Actinobacteria (13.1%-17.2%), and Gemmatimonadetes (9.0%-10.8%), and the dominant bacterial species were Aciditerrimonas ferrireducens JCM 15389 (4.3%-5.2%), Gemmatimonas aurantiaca (3.2%-4.1%), and Pyrinomonas methylaliphatogenes (2.1%-4.8%). The significantly enriched bacterial functions were associated with amino acid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and energy metabolism pathways. The results of a redundancy analysis showed that SOM, TP, and AK were the main factors affecting the microbial community structure in the maize rhizosphere. In conclusion, the application of biofertilizers increased the diversity and richness of the bacterial community in the maize rhizosphere soil. However, combined strain treatment was failed and not an ideal strategy due to the lowest abundance and diversity.

Abstract C32H54Li2N4Si2, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 11.611(4) Å, b = 11.157(6) Å, c = 13.307(5) Å, β = 100.12(3)°, V = 1697.0(12) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0622, wRref(F2) = 0.1561, T = 213 K.

Increased understanding of the interactions between endophytic fungi and plants has led to the discovery of a new generation of chemical compounds and processes between endophytic fungi and plants. Due to the long-term co-evolution between fungal endophytes and host plants, endophytes have evolved special biotransformation abilities, which can have critical consequences on plant metabolic processes and their composition. Biotransformation or bioconversion can impact the synthesis and decomposition of hormones, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, lipids, proteins, and various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, and terpenes. Endophytic fungi produce enzymes and various bioactive secondary metabolites with industrial value and can degrade or sequester inorganic and organic small molecules and macromolecules (e.g., toxins, pollutants, heavy metals). These fungi also have the ability to cause highly selective catalytic conversion of high-value compounds in an environmentally friendly manner, which can be important for the production/innovation of bioactive molecules, food and nutrition, agriculture, and environment. This work mainly summarized recent research progress in this field, providing a reference for further research and application of fungal endophytes. KEY POINTS: •The industrial value of degradation of endophytes was summarized. • The commercial value for the pharmaceutical industry is reviewed.

Abstract Zn(C15H24NSi)2, triclinic, P1‾$P‾{1}$ (no. 2), a = 8.828(3) Å, b = 9.458(3) Å, c = 10.786(3) Å, α = 74.609(4)°, β = 73.915(4)°, γ = 64.888(4)°, V = 772.1(4) Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0476, wRref(F2) = 0.1225, T = 293 K.

为探明生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦根际土壤生物学特性及产量的影响,通过田间试验,采用生理生化手段、高通量测序技术和产量调查,分析生物有机肥替代化肥对小麦根际土壤养分、土壤酶活、根际土壤细菌群落结构和小麦产量的影响.结果表明,生物有机肥合理替代化肥,土壤养分含量与酶活均有增加的趋势,且化肥减量10％+生物有机肥处理效果最佳,与常规施肥相比,土壤有机质、总氮、速效磷、速效钾含量和土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高了17.4％,12.4％,16.2％,19.2％和19.0％,9.7％,18.3％.高通量分析发现,生物有机肥替代10％,20％化肥后,鞘氨醇单胞菌属、溶杆菌属、硝化螺旋菌属、马赛菌属等一些具有生物防治与促生作用的功能菌属出现明显的富集现象;冗余分析结果显示,土壤中的环境因子与根际土壤细菌群落结构密切相关.生物有机肥替代10％,20％化肥后,小麦产量分别增加9.3％,4.4％.因此,生物有机肥合理替代化肥可提高土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量,增强土壤的可持续生产力,是目前改变高投入、高污染农业生产方式的主要手段.

本研究发明了一种新型秸秆碳复合材料制备方法,并将其成功应用在了养殖业废水处理过程中.本文首先介绍了新型秸秆碳复合材料的制备方法,然后介绍了复合材料在养殖业废水处理中的应用,并对其工艺和应用的优势点进行了分析.最后对废水的再利用问题进行了研究,根据废水的处理阶段,介绍了废水的具体再利用方法.