背景与目的 肾上腺偶发瘤是在腹部影像学检查中偶然发现的病变,由于肿瘤的位置和大小、影像学诊断技术的限制、医疗机构的水平和医生的经验等等,肾上腺偶发瘤难以明确诊断.因此,对肾上腺偶发瘤诊疗过程的研究具有重要的现实意义,可以为临床医生准确诊断肾上腺偶发瘤提供指导,为患者的治疗和康复提供帮助.本研究旨在探讨偶然发现的肾上腺区占位病变与肾上腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断,以及患者入院后的诊断计划.方法 回顾分析我院2021年收治的2例外院误诊为肾上腺肿瘤的肾上腺区占位病变患者,并在PubMed数据库检索2015年以来,国内外报道的其他误诊为肾上腺肿瘤的病变或解剖异常的患者资料,利用统计学软件SPSS进行综合分析.结果 共收集到68例符合要求的患者病例,包括副脾8例、巨大淋巴结病(castleman病)7例、腹膜后支气管囊肿23例、胃肠道间质瘤2例、淋巴管瘤11例、胃憩室2例、腹膜后畸胎瘤13例、肺隔离症2例.女性患者(57.8％)多于男性患者(41.2％);左侧(69.1％)多于右侧(29.4％).结论 肾上腺偶发肿瘤的诊断往往是排他性的,在诊断过程中,完善各种检查,包括影像学检查和相关激素检测具有重要意义.如有必要,还需完善相关的专业检查,消除误诊可能性.

前列腺尿路上皮型黏液腺癌是一种十分罕见的肿瘤,进展快、预后差,必须与其他黏液性肿瘤进行鉴别.这种区别对诊断和治疗具有重要意义,但仅从形态学和免疫组化特征很难确诊这种罕见的肿瘤.早期的鉴别诊断极为重要.本文报告了1例源自前列腺尿道的尿路上皮型黏液腺癌,对该病临床表现、病理特点/治疗防范及预后等进行分析总结如下.

Background Immunotherapy is a new and powerful weapon against tumors, represented by inhibitors of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4). This study aimed to determine the similarities and differences between PD-1 and CTLA-4 in 33 cancers in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the impact of subtypes of the immune environment on tumor production and treatment. Methods From the Xena browser, we downloaded TNM stage, immune subtypes, and tumor microenvironment scores for 33 tumors from TCGA. Expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in normal and tumor samples were compared for various tumors with normal tissue sample sizes greater than five. The relationship between expression and overall survival was investigated using one-way Cox analysis. The immune scores of 33 tumors were assessed using ESTIMATE prediction software to predict the degree of immune cell infiltration across tumors and calculate the correlation between PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression with the tumor microenvironment and tumor stem cells. We also examined the correlation between genes and drug sensitivity. Results PD-1 and CTLA-4 were highly expressed in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL), esophageal carcinoma (ESCA), and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) (P<0.05), highly correlated with immune subtypes C2 (IFN-γ-dominant) and C6 (TGF-β-dominant), and positively correlated with tumor microenvironmental immune scores (P<0.05). In renal clear cell carcinoma, PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression was positively correlated with clinical stage and microenvironmental score (r>0.7, P<0.05). Conclusions The finding that PD1 and CTLA-4 are associated with the prognosis of most tumour patients and are closely related to the tumour microenvironment is of great value and provides a research direction for the screening of populations benefiting from immunotherapy.