The distribution of gold in small acicular arsenopyrite of a pyrite-arsenopyrite association from Suzdal (Eastern Kazakhstan), Olympiada (Yenisei Ridge, Russia) and large pseudorhombic arsenopyrite crystals from Bazovskoe (Yakutia, Russia) orogenic-type deposits were investigated. On orogenic gold deposits in NE Asia, occurring mainly in black shales, two productive stages of ore deposition are distinguished, which correspond to two morphological varieties of arsenopyrite. At the early stage, fine-grained acicular-prismatic arsenopyrite with invisible gold was deposited; at the late stage, tabular arsenopyrite in association with free visible gold was formed. The samples of gold-bearing arsenopyrite were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Microprobe Analyses, Atomic Absorption and Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in combination with High Resolution 3D X-ray Computed Tomography (HRXCT). HRXCT does not destroy the studied mineral during the investigation. That technique permits to do an estimation of the amount of gold inclusions in minerals or host rocks and draw reasonable conclusions about the gold content of the ores, to study in detail the distribution patterns of metal inclusions (associated with certain minerals, cracks, crystal growth faces, etc.) and to determine the form of the gold. It can be used to understanding of the genesis of productive mineral associations, and to developing optimal technological schemes for gold extraction.

In cold seep environments, intense sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane (SD-AOM) generates significant amounts of hydrogen sulfide, facilitating pyrite precipitation in the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ). To enhance the understanding of pyrite formation processes within the SMTZ, we analyzed the morphology, size distribution, trace element content, and sulfur isotopic composition of framboidal pyrite hosted in methanederived authigenic carbonate crusts. These crusts were collected from two active cold seep sites in the Laptev Sea: the outer shelf and the continental slope. The main textural forms of authigenic pyrite were found to include spherical and polygonal framboids and their clusters, sunflowers, and rod-like aggregates. The diameter of most measured framboids does not exceed 20 mu m, but some reach up to 74 mu m. Despite the small size, their association with methane-derived authigenic carbonates indicates that SD-AOM plays a dominant role in pyrite precipitation. Specific pyrite textures, such as rod-like aggregates, and the large size of certain framboids further support that pyrite formation occurred within the SMTZ. Different textural relationships between pyrite aggregates and carbonate cement reflect both pre-carbonate and post-carbonate pyrite precipitation. Their coexistence within a single carbonate crust sample suggests multiple episodes of pyrite formation. The obtained delta 34S values for pyrite (ranging from -35.6 %o to -28.1 %o V-CDT) reveal a depletion of heavy sulfur isotopes at both sites, which is uncharacteristic of SD-AOM-associated pyrite. This phenomenon is likely attributed to the open-system conditions of pyrite formation, which result from the shallow SMTZ. The content of some trace elements in pyrite from the outer shelf is significantly lower than that in pyrite from the continental slope. This difference in trace element composition may reflect varying conditions under which pyrite precipitated, highlighting the influence of fluid migration regimes on mineral-forming processes. Lower Co/Ni ratios in pyrite from the continental slope indicate its formation under more sulfidic conditions. Our findings suggest that the depth of the SMTZ relative to the seawater-sediment interface is a critical factor controlling the morphological, isotopic, and trace element characteristics of pyrite, which should be taken into account when identifying paleo-seepage.

A unique Mn-, Cd-bearing sphalerite from quartz-calcite veins in the coal-bearing series (Visean C1v) marine sediments in a 50 km segment of the middle course of the Silova-Yakha River in the Arctic zone of the European part of Russia (Pai-Khoi Ridge) has been studied. The veins have a conformable and cross-cutting occurrence in two types of rocks: gray limestones and black siliceous-carbonaceous shales, the area is known as the Goniatite occurrence. The sulfide content in vein samples ranges from 0.1 to 2 vol.%. The chemical composition of 27 monomineral samples of Mn-, Cd-bearing sphalerites was studied, 82 points were analyzed. Correlations between typomorphic elements-impurities were revealed and correlation matrix was constructed. Cu, V, Ga, In, Sn, As, Sb, Bi, Pb, Tl, Se, Ag, Au, Ni are positively correlated with each other; Cd, Mn and Ge are negatively correlated with each other. The hydrothermal fluid involved in crystallization of sphalerite is characterized by low temperature (164-211 degrees C) and average salinity of 5-6 wt.% eq. NaCl. An updated "portrait" of typomorphic features (composition and properties) of sphalerite of the Pai-Khoi province was obtained. The features allowing to determine the type of impurity entering the sphalerite structure - in the form of isomorphic impurity or in the form of microinclusions of paragenetic association minerals - have been established. Submicron inclusions of sulvanite and colusite, invisible by other methods, were detected in sphalerite (by LA-ICP-MS method).The cathodoluminescence data of sphalerite from the Pai-Khoi province were typified. In contrast to other provinces, ZnS crystals here are characterized by almost complete absence of isomorphic iron. This allowed us to study pure isomorphism schemes of ZnS <-> MnS, ZnS <-> CdS, namely cathodoluminescence and other types of luminescence. The presence of a rare wurtzite-4H polytype in assemblage with sphalerite was revealed. High contents of strategic metals Cd, Ga, In, Ge in the ZnS matrix, as well as sulvanite (V, Cu) in a single paragenesis were found. A serious reassessment of the potential for industrial use of this mineralization will be required.

Среднее по запасам золота месторождение Угахан, расположенное в пределах крупнейшей в России Ленской золоторудной провинции, принадлежит к группе месторождений «сухоложского» генетического типа. Представлены результаты петрографического, минералогического и изотопно-геохимического изучения золоторудной минерализации месторождения. Разработана схема последовательности минералообразования на месторождении, которая включает пять стадий: 1) в течение ранней (синдиагенетической) стадии происходило образование фрамбоидного пирита-1, обогащенного Au, Ni, Co, As; 2) на стадии катагенетического преобразования рудоносных осадков происходила перекристаллизация раннего пирита-1 и кристаллизация пирита-2, также обладающего повышенными содержаниями Au, Ni, Co, As; 3) формирование в рудах пирротина происходило на стадии прогрессивного метаморфизма из водно-углекислого флюида с повышенным содержанием H2S; 4) собственно рудная стадия, представленная на месторождении минеральной ассоциацией пирит-3, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, самородное золото, коррелирует с развитием в регионе регрессивного метаморфизма; 5) кристаллизация пострудного идиоморфного крупного пирита-4. Комплекс геохимических и изотопных (δ34S и Pb-Pb) данных позволяет исключить привнос минералообразующих компонентов при гидротермально-метасоматическом преобразовании рудовмещающих пород из дополнительного (внешнего) источника. Значения δ34S, варьирующие для ранних морфотипов пирита в рудах месторождения в относительно узких диапазонах от +5.7 до +9.1 ‰, близки к величинам δ34S (+4.2… +16.4 ‰) безрудных пород бужуихтинской свиты. Pb-Pb изотопные характеристики, а также установленные закономерности в вариациях изотопного состава Pb для золоторудной минерализации указывают на преимущественное поступление элемента из неопротерозойских метаосадочных толщ. Минералогические и геохимические особенности месторождения Угахан согласуются с представлениями о метаморфогенном происхождении золоторудных месторождений «сухоложского» типа, что подтверждает перспективность пород бужуихтинской свиты на обнаружение новых золоторудных объектов в регионе. The Ugakhan gold ore deposit is located within the Lena gold ore province, the largest one in Russia. It belongs to the group of deposits of the Sukhoi Log genetic type. We present results of petrological, mineralogical, and isotope-geochemical study of gold mineralization at the deposit. A scheme of the sequence of mineral formation at the deposit has been developed, which includes five stages: (1) the early (syndiagenetic) stage, when framboid pyrite I enriched in Au, Ni, Co, and As formed; 2) the stage of catagenesis of ore-bearing sediments, with recrystallization of early pyrite I and crystallization of pyrite II, also with elevated Au, Ni, Co, and As contents; (3) the stage of progressive metamorphism, with the formation of ore pyrrhotite from a water–CO2 fluid with a high content of H2S; (4) the ore formation stage, marked by an assemblage of pyrite III, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and native gold at the deposit, which was synchronous with regressive metamorphism in the region; (5) crystallization of post-ore euhedral coarse-grained pyrite IV. The geochemical and isotope (δ34S and Pb–Pb) data rule out the input of mineral-forming components from an additional (external) source during the hydrothermal-metasomatic transformation of ore-bearing rocks. The δ34S values in the early morphotypes of pyrite in the deposit ores vary from +5.7 to +9.1‰ and are close to the δ34S values of the barren rocks of the Buzhuikhta Formation (+4.2 to +16.4‰). The Pb–Pb isotope characteristics and regularities of variations in Pb isotope composition established for gold mineralization indicate a predominant inflow of lead from Neoproterozoic metasedimentary strata. The mineral and geochemical specifics of the Ugakhan deposit are consistent with the concept of the metamorphic origin of gold deposits of the Sukhoi Log type, which confirms that the rocks of the Buzhuikhta Formation are promising for new gold ore objects.

Ugakhan gold ore deposit is located within the Lena gold ore province, the largest one in Russia. It belongs to the group of deposits of the Sukhoi Log genetic type. We present results of petrological, mineralogical, and isotope-geochemical study of gold mineralization at the deposit. A scheme of the sequence of mineral formation at the deposit has been developed, which includes five stages: (1) the early (syndiagenetic) stage, when framboid pyrite I enriched in Au, Ni, Co, and As formed; 2) the stage of catagenesis of ore -bearing sediments, with recrystallization of early pyrite I and crystallization of pyrite II, also with elevated Au, Ni, Co, and As contents; (3) the stage of progressive metamorphism, with the formation of ore pyrrhotite from a water-CO2 fluid with a high content of H2S; (4) the ore formation stage, marked by an assemblage of pyrite III, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and native gold at the deposit, which was synchronous with regressive metamorphism in the region; (5) crystallization of post -ore euhedral coarse -grained pyrite IV. The geochemical and isotope (delta 34S and Pb-Pb) data rule out the input of mineral -forming components from an additional (external) source during the hydrothermal-metasomatic transformation of ore -bearing rocks. The delta 34S values in the early morphotypes of pyrite in the deposit ores vary from +5.7 to +9.1%o and are close to the delta 34S values of the barren rocks of the Buzhuikhta Formation (+4.2 to +16.4%o). The Pb-Pb isotope characteristics and regularities of variations in Pb isotope composition established for gold mineralization indicate a predominant inflow of lead from Neoproterozoic metasedimentary strata. The mineral and geochemical specifics of the Ugakhan deposit are consistent with the concept of the metamorphic origin of gold deposits of the Sukhoi Log type, which confirms that the rocks of the Buzhuikhta Formation are promising for new gold ore objects.

The results of a comprehensive detailed study of the vein structure, mineral zoning of veins, and mineral typomorphism of the Shakhtama deposit obtained on the basis of new samples from poorly studied horizons are given. The results obtained show that the Mo resources of the deposit are far from being exhausted, and the typomorphic features of ore minerals indicate that base metal mineralization associated with Au (Ag), also continues to a depth, along with Mo. The presence of rare Sr mineral, svanbergite, in the Shakhtamа deposit and the typomorphic properties of ore minerals testify in favor of the near-surface origin of the exposed mineralization. The succession of mineral formation has been established. Based on the study of ore and metasomatic zonality, fluid inclusions and isotopic data, as well as the composition of structural impurities in molybdenite, conclusions were made of the formation conditions of ore mineralization in a porphyry ore-forming system.

In addition to the widely known large-volume Sukhoi Log–type gold deposits (e.g., Sukhoi Log, Verninskoe, etc.), the Lena gold province also hosts a series of objects that differ significantly in thte stratigraphic, mineralogical–petrographic, isotopic, and geochemical characteristics, as well as reserves. The Ozherel’e deposit is one of the most famous among these objects. This paper presents the main characteristics including similar and distinct features with Sukhoi Log–type deposits. The results of mineralogical–petrographic and isotopic studies provide no reason to ascribe the Ozherel’e deposit to the Sukhoi Log genetic type.

The chemical composition of the waters of quarry lakes formed as a result of the development of the Zavitinskoye lithium-beryllium deposit located in Eastern Transbaikalia (Russia) has been studied. The studied waters of the ore pits are fresh with a neutral and slightly alkaline reaction, mainly of the magnesium-calcium sulfate type. It was found that the quarry waters contain high concentrations of lithium (Li) and strontium (Sr), in isolated cases of arsenic (As). Low concentrations of other metals in man-made waters are due to the neutralizing effect of carbonates of host rocks and ores, but this does not make them environmentally safe. The content of trace elements in the waters of quarries relative to the background contents, as well as the standards of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemicals for the waters of water bodies of fishery importance and sanitary and hygienic indicators were determined. A distinctive feature of the studied quarry lakes, as well as other man-made reservoirs, is the low species diversity of zooplankton and macrophytes, which is mainly due to the small catchment area, the steepness of the shores, the absence of shallow waters and other factors.

Geological characteristics, trace element geochemistry, and Re-Os dating of molybdenite are presented and discussed for seven Cu and Mo porphyry, one Cu skarn-porphyry and two Mo and Mo-W greisen deposits. Re contents in molybdenite are discussed versus ore mineralogy, molybdenite polytypes, formation temperature, and whole rock chemistry of parental rocks. They are also evaluated in the light of the geotectonic settings of these deposits and tectonic history of the Urals.Re-Os dating of molybdenite evidences that the porphyry deposits studied are confined to four volcanic arc terranes of the Urals and are linked to four subduction events: Tomino and Birgilda (ca. 430 Ma) and Zeleny Dol (ca. 420 Ma) porphyry deposits linked to the East Uralian volcanic arc; Voznesenskoe porphyry (ca. 395 Ma) and Verkhneuralskoe porphyry (ca. 365 Ma) deposits linked to the Magnitogorsk arc and its collision to the East European continent respectively; Mikheevskoe porphyry and Tarutino skarn-porphyry deposits (ca. 360 Ma) linked to subduction under the East Uralian microcontinent; Benkala porphyry deposit (ca. 335 Ma) linked to the activity of the Valerianovka Andean-type arc. The Talitsa Mo porphyry deposit (ca. 300 Ma) as well as YuzhnoShameiskoe (ca. 280 Ma) and Koklanovskoe (ca. 255 Ma) greisen Mo-W deposits are linked to collision between East European and Kazakh continents.Electron microprobe analysis and laser ablation inductively coupled mass-spectrometry of molybdenite demonstrate an extremely irregular distribution of all trace elements on both grain-scale and deposit-scale levels. Most trace elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Ag, Sb, Te, Pb, Bi, etc.) form mineral inclusions within molybdenite while Re and W are commonly incorporated into molybdenite lattice. Re contents and distribution in molybdenite are indicative for tectonic setting of the deposits. Molybdenite from deposits formed within intra-oceanic arcs (Mikheevskoe, Tomino, and Voznesenskoe porphyry Cu deposits) is featured by high Re contents (1000-5000 ppm) and low W contents (<10 ppm). Molybdenite from Verkhneuralskoe (arc-continent collision stage) and Benkala (Andean-type arc) deposits is featured by lower Re contents (mainly 400-900 ppm) and higher W contents (30-120 ppm). Molybdenite from Talitsa Mo-porphyry, and Yuzhno-Shameiskoe and Koklanovskoe greisen deposits (continent-continent collision) is featured by the lowest Re contents (<10 ppm to 370 ppm) and the highest W contents (10 to 150 ppm). Geometrical mean Re content in molybdenite for all ten deposits studied has positive correlation with average Cu/Mo ratio in ore implying mass balance was one of the key controls of Re incorporation in molybdenite. In addition, Re content has a negative correlation with SiO2 and total REE contents in ore-bearing intrusive rocks as well as with the absolute age of the deposits which correlates with the general evolution of porphyry- and greisen-type deposits of the Urals. For subduction-related porphyrydeposits magma composition was generated with strong influence of the shallow subduction component. Fluid -mobile elements and various degrees of partial melting of the mantle wedge strongly depend on Re contents. Collision tectonic settings are marked by low Re concentrations in molybdenite.

The distributions of trace elements in pyrite were studied in samples of high-grade gold ores from the Talatui, Teremkyn, and Darasun deposits. The paper presents LA-ICP-MS data on concentrations of trace elements in pyrite in gold ores from mineral deposits of the Darasun goldfield, which were produced by a single fluid–magmatic system at various temperatures. The high-temperature pyrite was found to be enriched in Co, Se, and W, whereas the medium-temperature pyrite was enriched in Cu, Zn, Ag, Te, As, and In. The behaviors of some elements (Ni, Au, Bi, Sb, and Pb) seem to be independent of temperature. The identified trends and relations in the behaviors of elements can be used in studying the Au-Bi mineralization of the intrusion-related type.

Developing genetic models of porphyry Cu-, Mo-, and Cu-Mo deposits requires knowledge on the source of metals for these deposits. Even though porphyry Cu deposits worldwide were relatively well-studied and the corresponding sources of metals were considered, porphyry Cu-Mo deposits of the Urals were not previously investigated. The paper presents new data on two porphyry Cu-Mo deposits of Paleozoic age: namely Late Devonian to Early Carboniferous Verkhneuralskoe in the South Urals and Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Talitsa in the Middle Urals. Pyrite trace element data indicate minor input of Ni, Tl, and Ag from host rocks of the Talitsa deposit. Talitsa and Vekhneuralskoe deposits are heterogeneous in Pb isotope composition and, on the contrary, homogeneous in S isotope composition which is typical for porphyry deposits worldwide. The both deposits show similar age-corrected Pb isotope compositions of sulfides (18.228 to 18.521 for( 206)Pb/Pb-204, 15.598 to 15.705 for( 206)Pb/Pb-204, and 38.087 to 38.474 for Pb-208/Pb-204) and of magmatic and hydrothermal K-feldspars (from 18.291 to 18.449 for( 206)Pb/Pb-204, from 15.598 to 15.608 for Pb-207/Pb-204, and from 38.023 to 38.127 for Pb-208/Pb-204); delta S-34 varies from-0.4 to +3.4 parts per thousand. The isotope data suggest that granitoid melts were the dominant source of both sulfides and ore-bearing magmatic rocks. Mantle-crustal mixing model calculated for the Urals shows 95 % of mantle Pb in porphyry Cu-Mo deposits.

Pyrrhotite (or Cu-poor) massive ores of the Skalisty mine located in Siberia, Russia, are unique in terms of their geochemical features. These ores are Ni-rich with Ni/Cu ratios in the range 1.3–1.9 and contain up to 12.25 ppm Ir + Rh + Ru in bulk composition, one of the highest IPGE contents for the Norilsk–Talnakh ore camp. The reasons behind such significant IPGE Contents cannot simply be explained by the influence of discrete platinum-group minerals on the final bulk composition of IPGE because only inclusions of Pd minerals such as menshikovite, majakite, and mertieite II in Pd-maucherite were observed. According to LA-ICP-MS data obtained, base metal sulfides such as pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and pyrite contain IPGE as the trace elements. The most significant IPGE concentrator being Py, which occurs only in the least fractionated ores, and contains Os up to 4.8 ppm, Ir about 6.9 ppm, Ru about 38.3 ppm, Rh about 36 ppm, and Pt about 62.6 ppm. High IPGE contents in the sulfide melt may be due to high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, interaction with several low-grade IPGE impulses of magma, and (or) fractionation of the sulfide melt in the magma chamber.

This paper provides a detailed geological description of the Serebryansky Kamen gabbro massif and copper–precious metal mineralization found for the first time within it. The first data on the distribution and localization of disseminated copper–precious metal mineralization in the central part of the massif have been obtained. It was found that copper sulfides (bornite, chalcopyrite, digenite, and chalcocite) are predominantly hosted in melanocratic taxitic varieties of amphibole gabbro. Elevated precious-metal concentrations were measured and precious-metal minerals were identified for the first time in gabbro enriched in sulfides in the northern part of the Ural platinum belt. The Pd–Pt–Fe–Cu intermetallic compounds, sulfide (vysotskite), tellurides (merenskyite, Pd-melonite, kotulskite), bismuthotellurides (michenerite), arsenides, platinum and palladium arsenotellurides (sperrylite, arsenopalladinite), and native gold were identified. Based on a geochemical survey, the resources of copper and precious metals in the Serebryansky Kamen gabbro massif are 760.1 kt of Cu and 97.1 t of precious metals, dominated by Au and Pd. The identified mineralized zones are comparable to the complex Volkovsky deposit in size, structure, and composition. A geological and genetic model is proposed, which can be widely used in prospecting for copper and precious metals in the gabbroic parts of dunite–clinopyroxenite–gabbro massifs.

A temperature range of processes leading to the concentration of Pt in the crust widely varies from high-temperature orthomagmatic to low-temperature hydrothermal and biogenic. Pyrite FeS 2 and pyrrhotite Fe 1– x S are important components of sulfide ores, which contain platinum-group elements. Fe sulfides typically host from a few hundreds to a few tens ppm of dispersed (invisible) Pt. In this work, we summarized the available data on the solubility of Pt in pyrite and pyrrhotite, supplement them with the results of synthesis of these minerals in the presence of Pt phases, and present a model that can describe the solubility of Pt in a broad range of temperature and S 2 fugacity. The resulting equations allow the calculation of the solubility of Pt (ppm) in a temperature range of 300 < t < 1100°C and S 2 fugacity up to the equilibrium with S l . Tables with the solubility of Pt in pyrite and pyrrhotite depending on temperature and S 2 fugacity are presented. Isopleths of the solubility of Pt in Fe sulfides are plotted on a log f (S 2 )–1000/ T diagram. The analysis of the position of the main field of ore formation on this diagram showed that pyrite and pyrrhotite dissolve up to a few and a few hundreds of ppm Pt, respectively, upon conditions typical of ore formation: t < 700°C and log f (S 2 ) < –4. These estimations coincide with maximum Pt contents determined in minerals of natural sulfide ores.

Gold concentration in natural pyrite from the high-grade sulfide ores of the Darasun gold district and pyrite synthesized from the solution saturated in gold has been studied using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Parameters and composition of the solution from which pyrite was grown were chosen according to the data obtained in the study of the natural pyrite formation. The experiments were carried out at 350°С/1000 bar and 490°С/1000 bar with synthetic troilite FeS or hydrotroilite FeOHHS as a precursor. Concentration of NaCl was 0, 15, and 35 wt

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive method for assessing the neurochemical state of the brain. In recent years, the growth in the number of high-field scanners has led to a rapid increase in such studies and improvement in the quality of MRS data, the development of mechanisms and technologies for obtaining and processing results.The review is devoted to the study of the possibilities of MRS in the study of brain neurochemistry in depression. The fundamentals of techniques and various approaches to MRS, technical requirements for the study material, advantages and disadvantages of the method, difficulties in interpreting the results, and prospects for combining MRS with fMRI and EEG are considered. Most spectroscopic studies performed in depression show an abnormal decrease in the concentrations of the amino acid neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate, which is consistent with the results of post-mortem histopathological studies. Multivariate studies are needed to determine the anatomical and clinical specificity of changes in Glx and GABA levels that are found in depressed patients.The presented material can be used and form the basis for further multimodal experiments using MRS, which may be relevant both for the informed development of more effective drugs, and last but not least, neurofeedback tools aimed at interactive interventions in the neural network organization in depressive disorders.

Космическая миссия представляет собой многокомпонентную систему, элементы которой взаимодействуют между собой и влияют друг на друга. Системное проектирование такой миссии - сложная задача, требующая анализа взаимной работы наземного и орбитального сегментов и их подсистем. Одна из групп возникающих связей - взаимодействие антенных комплексов наземного контура управления и бортовых антенн космического аппарата. Такие разнородные факторы как положение и ориентация аппарата, его геометрия, подведённая к бортовому передатчику мощность, параметры шумовой температуры на Земле и т. д. определяют значение мощности на входе приёмника, шумы и прочие параметры радиолинии. Прогнозирование таких параметров - важная задача системного проектирования хотя бы за счёт того, что исходя из проектной пропускной способности канала связи можно определить требуемую мощность на борту и, соответственно, смоделировать работу систем энергоснабжения. Представляемая статья посвящена использованию для такого моделирования разрабатываемой на факультете космических исследований МГУ инструментальной среды разработки космических миссий MIDE ( англ. Missions Integrated Development Environment). Используемое для построения модели мира дерево физических и абстрактных объектов позволяет создать образ системы из взаимосвязанных компонентов, которая затем допускает как интерактивное моделирование, так и генерацию отчётов в заданном формате.

Космическая миссия представляет собой многокомпонентную систему, элементы которой взаимодействуют между собой и влияют друг на друга. Системное проектирование такой миссии - сложная задача, требующая анализа взаимной работы наземного и орбитального сегментов и их подсистем. Настоящая статья посвящена использованию разрабатываемой на факультете космических исследований МГУ инструментальной среды разработки космических миссий MIDE для решения задач, связанных с разбиением траектории перелёта на несколько участков и её сквозную оптимизацию с учётом «сшивки» сегментов, заданных в различных системах координат. Используемое для построения модели мира дерево физических и абстрактных объектов позволяет создать образ системы из взаимосвязанных компонентов, которая затем допускает как интерактивное моделирование, так и генерацию отчётов в заданном формате. Предлагается сценарий моделирования перелёта космического аппарата с двигателем малой тяги с околоземной на окололунную орбиту, использующий для расчёта процедуры решения конечномерной задачи оптимизации, в которой параметрами выступают в том числе времена изменения режимов работы двигателя.

Задачи, связанные с моделированием и анализом эффективности построения многоспутниковых группировок, требуют специального программного обеспечения, позволяющего, с одной стороны, выполнять операции, интересующие специалистов в области проектной баллистики, а с другой - предоставлять возможности, интересующие системных инженеров. Данная работа посвящена концепции интегрированной среды разработки (IDE), предоставляющей возможности по созданию и редактированию орбитальных группировок с набором правил взаимодействия между объектами. Используемое для построения модели мира дерево физических и абстрактных объектов позволяет создать образ системы из взаимосвязанных компонентов, которая затем допускает как интерактивное моделирование, так и генерацию отчётов в заданном формате. Приводятся примеры моделирования группировок, состоящих из спутников с различным распределением по орбитальным плоскостям, орбитам различного наклонения и т.д.