Relevance. The diagnosis of periodontal diseases, considering their severity, prevalence, progression, and staging, can be achieved by determining the levels of biomarkers or molecular imaging biomarkers in biofluids such as crevicular or sulcular fluid (GCF or GSF), saliva, and oral fluid. GCF is currently regarded as one of the diagnostically significant biological fluids for assessing the condition of periodontal tissues, not only in clinical diagnostic laboratories but also in dental offices. The implementation of sensitive, highly accurate, non-invasive, and specific methods for rapid GCF diagnosis, based on the qualitative analysis of biomarkers of cytokine imbalance, immunological disorders, changes in non-specific defence factors, and biophysical indicators, will allow for an objective assessment of the condition of periodontal tissues. Purpose. To improve the efficiency of periodontitis prevention using a developed mathematical model for personalized prediction of the course of inflammatory periodontal diseases based on the investigated biomarkers in GCF. Material and methods. The study included 101 patients: Group I consisted of 22 patients diagnosed with K05.10 (gingivitis), Group II included 31 patients diagnosed with K05.31 (mild periodontitis), and Group III comprised 18 patients diagnosed with K05.31 (moderate periodontitis). The comparison group consisted of 30 individuals with clinically healthy periodontium. All subjects underwent clinical and instrumental examination, determination of periodontal indices, GCF collection, and quantitative analysis of immune regulatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-17, VEGF, IL-1RA). Results. The study of immune regulatory mediators confirmed the significance of increased levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, as well as the reduction of the anti-inflammatory biomarker IL-1RA in GCF at the early stages of inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues. This is accompanied by the appearance of signs indicating the destruction of the dentogingival junction. Using logistic regression and training a multiclass classifier based on the support vector machine method, a model was developed to predict the risk of dentogingival junction loss in patients, potentially leading to periodontitis. Conclusion. The results of logistic regression modelling and training a multiclass classifier based on the support vector machine method demonstrate that in diagnosing the initial stages of periodontal tissue damage with the loss of the dentogingival junction (DGJ), the most effective approach is the comprehensive use of inflammatory process biomarkers and the development of multi-marker algorithms based on a computer program.

Aim . To study the cytokine profile of the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in children with a juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Materials and methods . We examined 20 children with JRA and 10 patients without somatic pathology aged 6 to 16 years old. The condition of periodontal tissues was assessed by periodontal indices – gingival index GI (Loe, Silness, 1963) and gingival bleeding index GBI. Biomaterial sampling from the gingival sulcus was carried out using special endodontic absorbent paper points. Enzyme immunoassay for IL-18, IL-10, IL-1ß, IL-1RA, MCP-1, VEGFs in the GCF was performed using the test kits of Vector-Best LLC (Novosibirsk, Russia). Results . Mean GI index in the JRA group was 0.31 ± 0.10 and in the control group – 0.20 ± 0.05 (p < 0.05), mean GBI index – 19.90 ± 3.14 and 10.80 ± 2.60 respectively (p < 0.05), which was accompanied by a more pronounced degree of inflammation of periodontal tissues. The GCF concentration of IL-18 in the JRA group was 6.70 (4.97–7.92) pg/ml, in the control group – 11.25 (8.70–13.10) pg/ml (p < 0.05), while the concentration of IL-1ß was 15.30 (13.79–17.18) pg/ml in the JRA group and 5.36 (5.32–5.54) pg/ml in the control group. The IL-10 concentration in the JRA group was 3.60 (2.89–4.45) pg/ml, which was comparable to the values of the control group. The concentration of IL-1RA was lower in the JRA group than in the control group: 3638.5 (2397.5–4133.5) pg/ml and 4951.0 (4303.0–5455.0) pg/ml respectively. The total GCF chemokine concentration for MCP-1 was determined at the level of 15.65 (14.15–17.39) pg/ml and 15.50 (12.80–21.20) pg/ml for the main and control groups and for VEGF – 49.60 (41.95–54.50) pg/ml in the JRA group and 12.00 (11.00–13.00) pg/ml in control group. Conclusion . In children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in GCF plays a role in the development of gingivitis: an increased of IL-1ß concentration – a triggering factor of pro-inflammatory chains, a decreased concentration of IL-1RA – an anti-inflammatory cytokine, an increased concentration of VEGF – a marker of hypoxia.

The adaptation of educational programs under restrictions during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic and after it is based not only on the widespread use of video lectures, but also on the introduction of a number of new educational technologies. Hybrid learning will become the cornerstone of future educational technologies in clinical laboratory diagnostics and will contribute to the creation of virtual practical classes with examples of analysis of laboratory testing results based on case histories (Case Technologies). The key aspect in the implementation of video cases into the educational process is the development of video materials. The use of educational video cases developed by Vector-Best in the process of training specialists in clinical laboratory diagnostics during the cycles «Retraining» and «General Improvement» at the Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Saratov State Medical University named after V. I. Razumovsky of the Ministry of Health of Russia was a convenient format and received positive assessment of cadets. Currently, the «IVD gallery» section has appeared on the FLM website and the placement of an additional educational resource - a library of educational video cases.

Objective: to study the level of inflammatory biomarkers and growth factors in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCVD) and anamnesis of coronavirus infection COVID-19. Material and methods . The study included patients with CCVD (n=41), 26 of them had a documented anamnesis of coronavirus infection within 4 months before inclusion in the study, 15 people did not have COVID-19. The control group consisted of 20 apparently healthy individuals of the same age. Neuroimaging was performed using a Philips Achieva 1.5 T device. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined in blood serum – tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α ), interleukin 6 (IL6), IL18, interferon γ (IFN γ ); chemokines – monocytic chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL8; growth factors – vascular endothelial growth factor type A (VEGF-A), transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF β 1). Results . In patients with CCVD, compared with the control group, an increase in the level of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF α , IL6, IL18), chemokines (MCP1 and IL8), a decrease in the concentration of IFN γ , and divergent changes in the content of growth factors (VEGF-A and TGF β 1) were noted. Patients who recovered from COVID-19 showed an increase in the level of IL6 and a decrease in the level of IFN γ compared with those who had not been ill, which indicates a persistently high activity of immunoinflammatory processes and an insufficient humoral immune response. Conclusion . Postponed coronavirus infection COVID-19 aggravates the existing endothelial dysfunction and intravascular inflammation in patients with CCVD, which may probably require changes in their treatment and prevention strategies in the future.

Introduction. In recent years, it has been established that the study of the content of molecular genetic biomarkers in blood serum, tissues characterizing the activity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells or tumor microenvironment makes it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of immunogenic effects of antitumor therapy, as well as to predict the development of its complications. The diagnostic value of immunoregulatory mediators in peripheral blood as prognostic biomarkers of immunotherapy in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been confirmed by a small number of studies. This limits the further development of effective strategies for the treatment of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Additional research is needed to find molecular markers. The purpose of the study – to establish the diagnostic value of changes in the serum content of tumor microenvironment mediators from the stage of the disease in patients with RCC. Material and methods. The study included 66 patients with RCC and 30 practically healthy individuals who made up the control group. Additionally, by the method of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay, the serum content of seven mediators produced by tumor microenvironment cells was determined: proinflammatory cytokines – TNFa, INFy; chemokine – MCP1; colony-stimulating factors – G- CSF GM- CSF; growth factors – VEGF, TGF-β1. Results. It was found that at the 1st and 2nd stages of the disease, the level of cytokines/chemokines and colony-stimulating factors in the blood serum increases in comparison with the group of conditionally healthy individuals, with the exception of the content of INFy. With the progression of tumor growth in patients with stages 3 and 4 of the disease, a statistically significant high content of cytokines/chemokines and colony-stimulating factors remains in the blood serum, the level of INFy decreases and the concentration of growth factors (VEGF, TGF-β1) increases. The calculated AUC data showed a good quality of the prediction model, which gives reason to consider the increase in the serum content of mediators of the tumor microenvironment of RCC as an indicator of the stage of the disease and the prevalence of tumor growth, as well as a promising laboratory marker for predicting the effectiveness of immunotherapy treatment technologies. Conclusions. The growth of tumor cells in the initial stages of RCC is accompanied by a significant increase in the content of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and colony-stimulating factors in the blood serum. During the progression of tumor growth in patients with RCC, there is an activation of the release of growth factors such as TGF-β1 and VEGF into the bloodstream. Mediators of the tumor microenvironment entering the peripheral bloodstream (cytokines/chemokines, colony-stimulating and growth factors) are prognostic indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of immunotherapy technologies for the treatment of tumor diseases.

The development of malignant tissue transformation is accompanied by the accumulation of immune system cells or tumor microenvironment cells (MCO) in it. Three variants of immune cell accumulation were identified: the ‘immune desert’ phenotype, ‘hot’ tumors, with a cytolytic T-cell response. The review presents immunotherapeutic strategies of exposure in order to enhance the ability of McO to initiate immune mechanisms capable of blocking the development of tumor tissue. The analysis of the presented data on the importance of immuno-oncological biomarkers as laboratory indicators of the therapeutic effectiveness of drug therapy aimed at restoring key immune defense pathways in oncourological diseases was carried out. The results of the study of the effectiveness of immuno-oncological biomarkers for assessing the state of antitumor immunity in malignant neoplasms of the bladder, kidneys, prostate gland are summarized.

ГУЗ «Саратовская городская клиническая больница № 10», Саратов

Relevance. Clinical and radiological assessment mainly forms the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The diagnosis now requires speed, sensitivity and specificity since determining the patient's disease stage is fundamental to effective treatment. Crevicular fluid biomarkers can help monitor the current state of the disease, the effectiveness of treatment, and possibly predict the pathological process progression. The combination of various biomarkers will allow maximum objectivity in periodontal tissue condition assessment. Materials and methods. The study examined 72 patients with inflammatory periodontal diseases and 25 periodontally healthy subjects. We performed a conventional clinical-instrumental examination and studied pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, VEGF, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1RA) in the crevicular fluid. The obtained materials were processed using ROC analysis. Results . Inflammatory periodontal diseases demonstrate an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines / chemokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-8, MCP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the crevicular fluid, a decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1RA. The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, cytokines/ chemokines, VEGF are associated with the periodontal destruction severity caused by inflammation. The accumulation of VEGF, IL-6, and IL-1β in the crevicular fluid predicts the clinical course of gingivitis, VEGF, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β – mild and moderate periodontitis. Conclusion . The present study allows us to confirm the diagnostic value of methods for obtaining and quantifying a group of immunoregulatory cytokines in the crevicular fluid as predictors and parameters of the disease progression and the development of osteodestructive changes in the periodontium.

Background. A crucial role in the development of cancer is played by the tumor microenvironment (TM) – a microenvironment that is formed as a result of the interaction between the tumor tissue and macroorganism cells. The concentration of TM cytokines in the blood varies depending on the activity of the tumor and the presence of a metastatic process. It is advisable to study the existing mediator imbalance of TM, its characteristic features in the process of tumor development for the diagnosis and prognosis of the tumor process.The aim. To identify markers of tumor progression in the study of tissue and serum cytokines in women diagnosed with breast cancer.Materials and methods. The object of the study is blood serum cytokines and tumor supernatants (MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, G-CSF, GM-CSF). The study involved 80 patients with breast cancer aged 50–69 years and 26 practically healthy women aged 41 to 62 years. A standard examination of women was conducted; a cytokine profile study was conducted before the appointment of therapy. To study the cytokine profile at the tissue level, tumor biopsies (n = 30) and biopsies of unchanged breast tissue (n = 6) were incubated to determine the production of MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, G-CSF, GM-CSF.Results. There was a moderate positive correlation between the stage of the disease and the level of TGF-β1, MCP-1 blood serum, a weak one – with G-CSF. In the incubated tumor tissue, a high positive correlation of cytokines on the stage of the disease is observed in growth factors: VEGF (R = 0.79; p > 0.05) and TGF-β1 (R = 0.61; p > 0.05).Conclusion. The study revealed the characteristic features of the cytokine profile of blood serum and tumor tissue in breast cancer at local and widespread stages. The revealed differences in the level of cytokines should be used as additional diagnostic indicators of the degree of activity and prevalence of the tumor process.

At present, the determination of the severity of patients with complications of acute calculous cholecystitis, manifested in the form of mechanical jaundice (MJ), remains an insufficiently studied issue. This is due to the fact that the main attention in the examination of such patients is paid to the diagnosis and assessment of the severity of liver failure, and the signs of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) are not given due attention. In this regard, this literature review presents data on the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in such patients, describes its etiopathogenetic mechanisms of development, presents clinical signs, stages of this pathological process. The role of biomarkers, which can be used to determine the severity of inflammatory changes in the biliary system in MJ, is estimated on the basis of literature data.

An relevance of the topic was defined by the high occurrence, unfavorable prognosis, lack of diagnostic techniques for early stages of acute kidney injury (AKI) disclosed in patients with COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019). Screening of medical literature for selection of AKI preclinical biomarkers was considered as main aim of this review. More than 200 publications from Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI), Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE were reviewed. Such risk factors as hypoxemia, increased intrathoracic pressure associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), hypertension (HT) involving endothelial dysfunction, and Diabetes mellitus were considered to be associated with AKI. There were explicated cytopathic and immune-mediated (cytokine-induced) mechanisms of COVID-19 associated AKI pathogenesis. Multiple methodological approaches were defined for detection and identification of the biomarkers based on urine proteome and metabolome screening. Perspective ways in the preclinical diagnostics of AKI such as detection of the markers of injury of the hypoxia-sensitive proximal canaliculi and the ATP metabolites that reflect first stages of the energy metabolism disorder in the epithelium lining canaliculi were identified in this study. The instantaneous and non-invasive investigation of different markers was regarded as possible method of the prognostication. The accuracy of the diagnosis on the initial stages of AKI, substantiate for preventive start of therapy, and make projections on the disease`s outcome will be improved due to the identification of high-sensitive specific biomarkers.

Relevance. Reparative processes in the extraction socket include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. These processes are caused by mediators which determine interactions in the immunoregulatory, cytokine network. After the tooth extraction, pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators are unbalanced. The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils releasing lysosomal enzymes increases in the surrounding tissues, and it leads to cleaning of the extraction socket from the damaged tissues and microorganisms. The growth factors are of great importance for reparative processes. The level of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in biological fluids is the assessment criterium of various physiological and pathological processes and effectiveness of the treatment procedures. Purpose – to assess the activity of the wound healing processes by studying the level of cytokines/ chemokines and growth factors in the extraction socket. Materials and methods. The data received on examination of 40 patients was used in the study. 20 of the patients had their teeth extracted for chronic periodontitis and the socket healing was studied by clinical and laboratory findings (seven mediators of immunoregulatory processes were studied). The comparison group consisted of 20 subjects without periodontal pathology. Results. Clinical data, typical for the normal socket healing, are characterized by the certain content of immunoregulatory mediators (IL1β and IL6 – proinflammatory cytokines, IL8 and MCP1 – chemokines, RAIL1 – anti-inflammatory cytokine, VEGF and TGFβ1- growth factors). The content of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines was detected to increase in the socket on the first day after the extraction, which indicates the activity of the local inflammatory process. The level of RAIL 1 and VEGF and TGFβ1 growth factors increases in the extraction socket five days later. Conclusion. The post-surgical activity of the inflammatory and regenerative processes in the tissues is revealed by the level of cytokines/ chemokines on the first day after surgery and the level of growth factors and RAIL1 in the socket discharge on the fifth day after surgery.

Изменения минерального гомеостаза являются причиной костных нарушений зубочелюстной системы (ЗЧС) при хронической болезни почек (ХБП) у детей и могут развиваться задолго до появления клинических проявлений уремической токсинемии на 2-й стадии ХБП. В последние годы большое внимание уделяется неинвазивным методам диагностики патологии полости рта у детей. Наиболее известными индикаторами нарушения костного метаболизма считают матриксную металлопротеиназу 8 (ММР-8) и остеопротогерин (OPG). Цель исследования - установить закономерности изменения содержания ММР-8 и OPG в слюне детей с различной тяжестью ХБП. Объект и методы. Проведено исследование содержания ММР-8 и OPG в слюне у 76 детей, которые были разделены на равные группы по 19 человек: 1 группа - дети с ХБП 1-2 степени, получающие медикаментозное лечение; 2 группа - дети с терминальной стадией ХБП, получающие заместительную почечную терапию в объёме гемодиализа; 3 группа - дети через год после перенесённой трансплантации почки; 4 группа (группа сравнения) - дети с малой хирургической патологией, не имеющие патологии почек. Сбор слюны осуществлялся абсорбционным методом до медикаментозной коррекции основного заболевания утром до приема пищи. Исследование ММР-8 и OPG проводили методом твердофазного иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты. Установлено, что содержание ММР-8 и OPG в слюне у детей с различной степенью ХБП было значительно выше по отношению к группе сравнения. Максимальные значения ММР-8 регистрировались во 2-й группе у детей с терминальной ХБП, находящихся на гемодиализе. Повышение содержания OPG в слюне отмечалось в 1 группе детей с ХБП 1-2-й степени и 3-й группе пациентов, через год после перенесённой трансплантации почки. Заключение. Полученные результаты показывают возможность использования слюны в качестве биологической жидкости для диагностики доклинических этапов нарушения костного метаболизма у детей с ХБП, а ММР-8 и OPG в слюне могут рассматриваться в качестве предиктивных и прогностических маркеров. Changes in mineral homeostasis cause bone disorders of the dentition in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may develop long before the onset of clinical manifestations of uremic toxemia in stage 2 CKD. In recent years, much attention has been paid to noninvasive methods for diagnosing oral pathology in children. The most common indicators of metabolic bone disorders are matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and osteoprotogerin (OPG). The aim of the study was to establish the patterns of changes in salivary concentrations of MMP-8 and OPG in children with various severity of CKD. Subject and methods. Salivary levels of MMP-8 and OPG were studied in 76 children divided into four equal groups: group 1, children with stage 1-2 CKD receiving a drug treatment; group 2, children with end-stage CKD receiving renal replacement therapy with hemodialysis; group 3, children one year after the kidney transplantation; and group 4 (comparison group), children with a minor surgical pathology without a kidney pathology. Saliva samples were collected by the absorption method before administration of drugs for the underlying disease, one hour before the morning meal. Salivary concentrations of MMP-8 and OPG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Salivary levels of MMP-8 and OPG were significantly higher in children with various severity of CKD than in the comparison group. The highest values of MMP-8 were observed in group 2 children with end-stage CKD on hemodialysis. Increased salivary OPG was noted in group 1 children with stage 1-2 CKD and in group 3 patients one year after the kidney transplantation. Conclusion. Saliva can be used as a biological fluid for diagnosis of preclinical stages of bone metabolism disorders in children with CKD, and salivary MMP-8 and OPG can be considered as predictive and prognostic markers.

Несмотря на высокую частоту встречаемости острого повреждения почек (ОПП), диагностика его ранних этапов затруднена в связи с низкой чувствительностью и специфичностью стандартных методов исследования. Общеклинические и биохимические показатели крови и мочи не позволяют прогнозировать течение и исход патологии. Целью данного обзора явилась систематизация литературных данных относительно молекулярных маркёров ОПП. Проведён анализ белее ста источников по таким базам индексирования, как Scopus, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library. Учитывались как факторы риска возникновения и прогрессирования заболевания, так и механизмы развития ОПП, а также маркеры его диагностики и прогноза исходов. Подробно представлены генетические аспекты возникновения и развития ОПП и перспективные методы ранней диагностики. Установлена возможность использования молекулярных маркёров для определения степени тяжести процесса. Предполагается, что идентификация конкретных генов и биомаркёров начальных стадий ОПП улучшит диагностику и поможет прогнозировать течение заболевания и его исходы. Despite the high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), diagnosis of its early stages is difficult due to low sensitivity and specificity of standard study methods. General clinical and biochemical blood and urine tests cannot predict the course and outcome of the disease. The aim of this review was to systematize reports of molecular markers for AKI. More than a hundred sources indexed in Scopus, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library were analyzed. Both risk factors of AKI onset and progression and its mechanisms, and its diagnostic and predictive markers were included in the analysis. The review focused on genetic aspects of AKI onset and development and on promising methods for early diagnosis. A possibility of using molecular markers to determine the AKI severity has been demonstrated. The authors suggested that identifying specific genes and biomarkers for early stages of AKI would improve the diagnosis and the prediction of AKI course and outcome.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the modern literature about renal damage caused by vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). VUR is the most common urodynamic pathology in children and reflux nephropathy (RN), as its main complication, ranks first among the causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The risk factors for the appearance and progression of RN are presented in the first part of the review. In the framework of this issue, the main methods of treatment of VUR and associated urinary tract infection are described. The possibilities of conservative and surgical methods for the elimination of reflux for prevention of RN and prognosis of its course are considered. The main morphological aspects of RN formation are described.

The second part of this review is devoted to the issues of modern and promising diagnosis of RN in children. The advantages and limits of the available methods for recording the structural and functional state of the kidneys in childhood are considered. Particular attention is paid to possibilities non-invasive methods for diagnosis and prediction of the disease course. Data on promising biomarkers of the early stages of RN formation and progression are presented. For the purpose of a comprehensive and adequate assessment of morphological changes in the kidneys, the necessity of studying various combinations of cytokines in biological media with the subsequent determination of the optimal spectrum is shown. The sensitivity and specificity of molecular indicators of renal damage reviewed as potential targets for renoprotective therapy in the nearest future.

Aim. To study the spontaneous and stimulated production of cytokines in biopsies of breast cancer (BC) depending on the cancer stage.Materials and methods. An experimental study was carried out with cell cultures of breast cancer biopsies of stages I–II (group 1, n = 15) and III–IV stages (group 2, n = 15). The control consisted of 6 healthy women who underwent mastopexy. We used enzyme immunoassay method to access spontaneous and induced by a complex of polyclonal activators (PA: phytohemagglutinin 4 μg / ml, concanavalin A 4 μg / ml, lipopolysaccharide 2 μg / ml) concentration of TNF-α, IFN-γ, G-CSF, GM-CSF, VEGF, MCP-1, TGF-β1. The index of the effect of polyclonal activators (IVPA) on cytokine production (induced production / spontaneous production) was calculated. To compare groups, the Mann-Whitney test and the median test, the chi-square test and the Fisher’s exact test were used.Results. Groups 1 and 2 did not differ in age, histological variant and immunohistochemical type of tumour, predominantly invasive cancer without signs of specificity prevailed. In group 2, a pronounced vascularization was more often observed: in 6 (40%) patients versus 1 (7%) in group 1 (p < 0.05). In both groups, compared with the control, there was a statistically sig-nificant (p < 0.05) increase in spontaneous production of TNF-α by 4.2 and 4.8 times, MCP-1 by 6.7 and 6.3 times, TGF-β1 – 2.2 and 2.5 times, VEGF 11.9 and 14.6 times; GM-CSF 15.6 and 13.4 times, G-CSF 96.8 and 79.5 times, respectively. The concentration of MCP-1 and IFN-γ was higher in group 1 (p < 0.05), VEGF and TGF-β1 – in group 2 (p < 0.05). IVPA in group 2 exceeded similar values in group 1 for G-CSF, VEGF, TGF-β1 (p < 0.05).Conclusion. The production of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, VEGF, TGF-β1) in breast cancer biopsies is significantly higher than in biopsies of the unchanged mammary gland and depends on the stage of the tumour process.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors of plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPT) efficiency in rats with transplanted liver cancer on the basis of assessment of the degree of tumor vascularization. Before any exposure, rats with transplanted liver cancer PC-1 were subjected to Doppler ultrasonography to assess the degree of vascularization of transplanted tumors. Half of the animals with the transplanted tumors were withdrawn from the experiment after Doppler ultrasonography to determine the content of vascular factors in blood serum by enzyme immunoassay and in tumor tissue by immunohistochemical method. After three intravenous injections of polyethylene glycol-coated gold nanorods (GNRs) at a dose of 0.4 mq/mL, the transplanted tumors were irradiated percutaneously with infrared laser radiation at a wavelength of 808 nm, followed by thermography of local tumor heating. The animals were withdrawn from the experiment 24 h later, and tumor tissue samples were taken for histological examination. It is found that the accumulation of gold in the tumor tissue and the PPT efficiency at repeated intravenous GNR injections are determined by the presence of formed vasculature in the tumor.

Under controlled conditions of 17-day isolation (Sirius-17 experiment), the protein composition of urine was studied in 6 healthy test volunteers-3 women and 3 men. Collection of samples in the form of a second freely separated morning urine fraction was carried out in the background (seven days before the experiment), as well as 1 day after the end of exposure. Chromatographic-mass-spectrometric semi-quantitative analysis of the protein composition of samples was performed on a system consisting of an Agilent 1100 chromatograph and an LTQ-FT Ultra hybrid mass spectrometer using bioinformatics resources UniProtKB, GeneOntology. An asymptomatic change in the immune defense system of kidney tissue after isolation in a closed hermetic object is associated with a change in the content of 7 proteins that provide functional activity of the TLR tubules of the kidneys - FcRIII, MUC1, Galectin-3, Ficolin-2, APOA1, FLNA, FCGR3A and Clusterin. These proteins are found to be useful biomarkers in the study of physiology and kidney diseases. They can be attributed to candidates for protein markers of the initial stages of impaired recognition by the epithelium of renal tubules of bacteria with known pathogenic potential.