To investigate the effect of heat treatment on sizing development and the surface chemical states of sizing agents, alkylketene dimer (AKD)/23MC and ketone/23MC (0.3/99.7, w/w) blend films, as a model of sized papers, were heated and used for the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and water contact angle measurement. Hydrophobicity of the film and concentration of the alkyl chains at the surface of the films were increased with treating times. On the XPS analysis of AKD/23MC and ketone/23MC blend films, ketone/23MC blend films had much more distribution of alkyl chains on its surface than that of AKD/23MC blend films. Tire hydrophobicity of the films was closely related to the chemical states of sizing agents at the Surface. Increase in concentration of alkyl chains seems to be caused the migration of sizing agent to film surface and its molecular orientation at the blend film surface.

The symbiosis with the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) was observed in the roots of Botrychium ternatum. The fungal partial 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA: approximately 450/1800 bp) were amplified from the DNA extracts of fern roots using fungal specific primer, and subcloned to cloning vector (pGEM-T). According to the RFLP pattern of subclone, some clones were selected and their inserts were sequenced. One of them (GLA-006) was predominant in this analysis, however, four (or potentially five) different clone were found in the root of B. ternatum. To infer the phylogenetic relationship, sequences were donated on BLAST Search. According to the result of BLAST Search, neighbor joining analysis was performed. The partial sequencing data of 18S rDNA indicate that these isolates closely related to genus Glomus (AM fungi), especially G. proliferum and G. sinuosum. Three of them were 92-95 % identical to G. proliferum.

Forest fragmentation results because the spatial scales of resource extraction do not match the scales of natural disturbance that shaped the evolution of the landscape. Tropical deforestation was still proceeding at 14.2 million hectares per annum in the 1990s, and only 5.5% of all forest in developing countries was under formal management plans in the year 2000. The Cambodian tropical forests contain partly continuous tropical forest in the world. However, it has suffered serious deforestation 0.6% annually since the last 30 years because of road- building, logging, mining, mismanagement- decision, and agricultural raising expansion. This paper aims at scaling and forecasting the problem in Cambodian forest concession management to fulfill the gape of sustainable forest management decision. To scale and forecast problems of forest management, we used data from CFC company in Cambodia to compare the modern forest management Montreal criteria. The work responds to the need to assess progress toward sustainable forest management as established by the Montreal Process of Criterion 2 and its Indicators. The focus is on a single criterion ( commonly referred to as indicator 10 to 14) , which addresses the "maintenance of the productive capacity of forest ecosystems" to compare with data of 25- year strategic sustainable forest concession management level. There were 33 sub-indicators of Criterion 2 in Montreal and only 52 %e quivalent to17 sub-indicators were fulfilled. We found that 3 indicators (48%) of management indicators were not in the plan yet. We suggested that growing stock of plantation and non- timber forest products have made the forest management into terrible condition because the forest area in CFC Company was mainly studied only on the timber production. The CFC Company is not alone in facing the challenge of sustainable renewable resource management. The results of this study on assessment of forest concession in Cambodia are applicable for tropical forest management. The assessment was more accurate using a forest concession planning and the Montreal criteria and indicators. Because the sustainable forest management remedies are based on specific knowledge of criteria and indicators, our results may be useful for the future establishment and management of sustainable yields at tropical forests.

Ribonucleic acid and 5'-nucleotide were tested for fructification of Tricholoma matsutake in the field. Water solutions of RNAs were directly added to the mycelial colony of pine forest floor prior to fructification stage. Content of glucosamine, ergosterol and phospholipid of mycorrhizal fine roots were measured for estimation of mycelial status during growth and fructification stages. Phospholipid content was rapidly increased after RNAs addition. RNA solutions affected to make higher level of the mycelial components than control. As the final results, yield and number of T. matsutake fruit body were dramatically increased by the addition of RNAs during fructification period. This procedure was repeatedly done on the same plots three times in every fructification season, and resulted to all positive effect for RNAs supplement.