Purpose . Conduct a review of the literature on the availability of intensive care units of medical organizations for visitors. Materials and methods . The analysis of publications in the domestic and foreign literature on the issue of openness of intensive care and intensive care units for visitors is carried out. To search for this information were used the scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU, SPS Consultant Plus, SpringerLink. The search for information was carried out for the period from 2008 to 2019 by the keywords: «intensive care unit», «openness of ICU», «visitors of ICU». In total were analyzed 18 sources, including 6 foreign authors. Research results . The problem of accessibility of intensive care units for visits is very complex due to the fact that both society and medical professionals are not fully prepared to interact in an open environment. At the present stage in Russian health care, many aspects of the organization of this event are still not legislatively fixed. One of the important conditions for ensuring access of visitors to these departments is the willingness of medical personnel to interact with visitors, as well as the availability of conditions for such interaction in a medical organization. It should be borne in mind that the patient’s relatives and other persons in his environment can be colonized and/or even infected with microorganisms resistant to antibacterial drugs, which poses a threat not only to a specific patient, but also to other persons in ICU. For the functioning of ICU in an open mode for visitors, the development of new standards for the placement and equipping of medical organizations is required. Conclusion . For ICU to work on the principle of a department open to visitors, it is necessary to create conditions for observing the epidemiological safety requirements in the department. This implies the presence for visitors of individual rooms, facilities and conditions for personal and hand hygiene, and providing them with personal protective equipment. The solution of these issues is possible with the allocation of financial resources for the reconstruction of ICU premises, the purchase of necessary supplies, skin antiseptics.

The cell culture laboratory of Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections established and characterized diploid cell cultures of fetal porcine larynx, lungs, kidneys and muscles for the first time. Sensitivity of the novel animal-derived cell cultures to the priority clinical isolates of human enterovirus, Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 11, was evaluated. Experimental studies with a Coxsackievirus B5 (CB5–8100) strain detected high sensitivity to the virus in the diploid laryngeal and renal cells and absence of such sensitivity in the cells of the lung and muscle tissues. We also documented the total absence of sensitivity to Echovirus 11 (111/RD) in all the cell cultures under study. The results will be used for further studies of animal-derived cell cultures. Certification of the novel fetal porcine renal and laryngeal cells will open up new opportunities for a wide variety of their uses in virology for studying the etiology of enteroviral infections caused by Coxsackievirus B5.

The objective of this work was to reveal the incidence patterns of enteroviral infection (EVI) in the constituent territories of Ural Federal District (UFD) and West Siberia in modern times. Materials and methods . We used the data from forms of federal statistical EVI monitoring for the period from 2017 to 2019 as well as those from the epidemiological investigation reports obtained from the disease clusters. The genotype of the enteroviruses was determined in specimens of biomaterial from 1,213 patients and their contacts using the molecular genetic method. Results and discussion . In most of the regions presented, an unfavourable epidemic situation with a trend towards further increase in the incidence still remains. Enteroviral infection has typical estivo-autumnal seasonality and age structure. Its most common clinical form is exanthematous lesion of skin and mucous membranes. The intensity and dynamics of the disease clusters formation closely correlates with the level and seasonal dynamics of the EVI incidence in the given area. A total of 36 enterovirus genotypes were detected. Most of the typed strains belonged to species A (39.8 %) and В (55.1 %), and their ratio did not change considerably from 2017 to 2019. However, the intraspecific type structure was subject to major variation. Conclusion . In most regions of UFD and West Siberia, an unfavourable epidemic situation with EVI with a trend towards further increase in the incidence still remains. Genotyping of the detected strains with subsequent phylogenetic analysis permitted more precise identification of the spectrum of the imported enterovirus strains and of those endemic for a specific area as well as evaluating the rate of their spread and their epidemic potential. Studying the variability of the enteroviral population demonstrated high intraspecific dynamics of the genotypes that maintains the intensity of the epidemic. Importation of new genovariants of Coxsackievirus B5 and echoviruses-30 and-11 with a high epidemic potential into the territory of UFD and West Siberia deserves particular attention.

The purpose of the study is to determine the current trends in the development of the HIV epidemic process for individual subjects of the Ural Federal district (UFD) and the possibility of corrective measures to update the practice based on the results of screening tests for HIV antibodies.Materials and methods. The study used information from form 4 of the Federal statistical observation «Information on the results of blood tests for HIV antibodies» in the amount of 26,1 million studies for 2009–2018, information from 2,488 questionnaires from two biopsychological studies among commercial sex workers (CSR) and persons in prison. Research result. It was found that, despite the increase in the incidence of HIV infection in the period 2009–2018, the estimated Hurst indicator for the studied time period characterized the long-term dynamics of the incidence as antipersistent. Among MSM and patients with STIs, there is a marked tendency to increase the detection of HIV infection. Among commercial sex workers (CSR) and people in prison, the results of a sentinel bio-behavioral study found high detection of HIV antibodies against the background of risky sexual behavior.According to the indicators of the frequency of detection of antibodies to HIV in screening studies, the territories of the greatest potential risk of HIV infection were determined. In dynamics, there was an increase in the number of studies and the detection of HIV infection among those examined for clinical and epidemic indications (codes 113, 120) and stabilization of the detection of HIV infection among injecting drug users (code 102).Conclusion. In the period 2016–2018, the sexual route of infection became predominant among HIV-infected people. The greatest intensity of HIV infection was observed among such categories of the population covered by official statistics and who are representatives of groups with a predominant HIV infection, such as MSM and patients with STIs. At the same time, there was a decrease in HIV surveys among these populations with an increase in detection.The results of behavioral studies among DCS and persons in prison demonstrate high detection of HIV antibodies among them, as well as the presence of risky sexual behavior. Screening for HIV infection requires additional optimization.

The prevalence of sexual infection in recent years among people with newly diagnosed HIV infection makes it relevant to study the features of its spread in populations with risky sexual behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence of HIV infection in a cohort of sex workers, so called sex workers (SW), taking into account their bio-behavioral risks in order to adjust prevention programs. In the course of the study, the SR had a higher prevalence of HIV infection than in the General population (4.10 vs. 1.85 %), the age of the first experience of providing sex services, the length of work in the sex business, the number of clients during the working day and week, and some other biopovedenical characteristics of the SW. The greatest HIV prevalence occurred among the SWs aged 40–49 (6.1 %) and 30–39 (5.6 %) years old and among women with experience in commercial sex for 20–25 (21.4 %) years.

Here we present the data on foreign research publications describing healthcare-associated enteroviral (non-polio) infections (HAI) sought in the Worldwide Database for Nosocomial Outbreaks (Institut fur Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Universitȁtmedizincomplex “Charite”, Germany) as well as PubMed search engine (The United States National Library), covering 1936-2017 timeframe. The publications retrieved contained the data on 28 nosocomial outbreaks caused by Enterovirus A (EV-A71), В (echoviruses 11, 17, 18, 30, 31, 33, Coxsackie viruses А9, В2, В5) and D (EV-D68). It was discovered that the majority of the nosocomial enteroviral (non-polio) outbreaks occurred in obstetric hospitals and neonatal units so that children were mainly maternally infected. In addition, a case associated with intrauterine infection was described. It was shown that outbreaks might be started by an infected child at the incubation period. Single publications reported nosocomial outbreaks in geriatric hospitals. Generally, nosocomial enteroviral (non-polio) outbreaks were characterized by polymorphic clinical picture caused by any certain pathogen serotype and within a single site of the infection. Few lethal outcomes were recorded. Enterovirus B species dominated among identified etiological agents. Violated hospital hygiene and infection control contributing to spread of infection were among those found in neonatal units: putting used diapers out on baby bed prior disposal, sharing bathtub, toys and household objects as well as poor hand hygiene in medical workers. One of the measures recommended to improve diagnostics of enteroviral (non-polio) infections was virology screening of children with suspected sepsis in case of unidentified etiology. It was established that etiological decoding of nosocomial outbreaks was impossible without applying pathogen-specific diagnostic tools, mainly nested RT-PCR and direct sequencing of followed by subsequent phylogenetic analysis

Экспериментально установлено влияние роданина на форму графика инфекционной активности в одиночном цикле репродукции эховируса 11 серотипа в культуре клеток RD. Выявлено более выраженное ингибирующее действие роданина на процесс депротеинизации гемагглютинирующего клона эховируса 11 по сравнению с негемагглютинирующим клоном. Представлена динамическая модель ин- терпретации графиков одиночного цикла репродукции эховирусов, позволяющая проводить сравни- тельный анализ задержки интернализации, интенсивности депротеинизации и эффективности синтеза новых вирионов.