The aim of the research was to experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of infusion solutions with different osmolarity during acute blood loss in experiments on rats. Material and methods. Experiments approved by the local Ethics Committee, have been done on 30 male rats line Vistar (320 ± 35 g). Design of the research included anesthesia, simulation of acute blood loss to 50 % of circulating blood volume, its replenishment with experimental infusion solutions based on polyglycan derivatives (estimated osmolarity 1026.6, 1784.2, 2566.6 mOsm/l), research of survivability, functional state of cardiovascular and respiratory systems, blood acid-base status and gas partial pressure 5, 30, 60, 120, 180 min after the beginning of replenishment of circulating blood volume. The infusion solution Hemostabil was used as a comparison product. Results. The highest survival rate, restoration of hemodynamics and acid-base state and blood acid-base status and gas partial pressure were obtained as a result of infusion of solution with osmolarity 1026.6 mOsm/l. In this group of animals survivability accounted for 100 %, arterial pressure restored in 5 minutes after the start of infusion, indicators of blood acid-base status and gas partial pressure normalized in 120 min of experiment. All of the results had statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) relative to values in other experimental groups. Conclusions. Sample of solution with osmolarity 1026.6 mOsm/l is the most effective in restoration of hemodynamics of rats with the blood loss up to 50 % of circulating blood volume. The expediency of the researches of safety of this infusion solution based on polyglucan derivatives in the capacity of medication for replenishment acute blood loss is substantiated.

Aim. To study the state of microcirculation and metabolic activity of the soft tissues in the compression area in experimental crush injury after local hyaluronic acid injection and to determine the effective mode of its application.Materials and methods. The experiments were carried out on 178 male Wistar rats aged 4–4.5 months and weighing 280–340 g. The study design included anesthesia, modeling of crush injury (CI), local injection of 1.75% hyaluronic acid (HA) solution into the compression area, systemic intravenous injection of 0.9% sodium chloride solution daily for 3 days, and a study of microcirculation and metabolism of the soft tissues in the damaged area 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after the injury.Results. Early (3 hours after the injury) local application of HA for CI improved microcirculation, increased oxygen consumption, and activated oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscles, which helped reduce the severity of destructive processes in the damaged area. The most effective injection mode was two-fold administration of HA: 3 hours after the compression cessation and additionally 24 hours after the injury.Conclusion. In the crush injury, early local intramuscular injection of HA into the damaged area in the first few hours after the cessation of compression is a sanogenetically substantiated method for correcting traumatic ischemia of the muscles.

Objective: To identify changes in microcirculation and metabolic activity in soft tissues in an experimental explosive wound after local administration of hyaluronic acid and to determine the mode of its use, in which these changes are sanogenetically significant.Methods: The experiments were approved by the local Ethics Committee and performed on 96 male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g. at the age from 4 to 4.5 months. The design of the study included the following stages: wound modeling (according to the method which has RF patent for invention No. 2741238); closing the wound with a pressure bandage and fixing it with a patch; primary surgical treatment of the wound 3 hours after the injury; fan (5-6 points) intramuscular injection of hyaluronic acid (“Hyalift” medication) diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride solution to 1.75% (total volume – 0.5-0.8 ml); dynamic observation accompanied by daily wound dressings (chlorhexidine, and Levomekol ointment) until its epithelialization and by intramuscular administration of antibacterial drug (Gentamicin sulfate) during the first 7 days after the injury. The study of microcirculation and metabolism of tissues of the injury zone using laser Doppler flowmetry, optical tissue oximetry and laser fluorescence diagnostics (using the device "Lakk-M") was conducted on the 7th, 14th and 28th day after the injury.Results: Early (3 hours after the injury) local application of HA in case of an explosive soft tissue wound improves the perfusion characteristics of microcirculation, has a positive effect on the trophism and oxidative metabolism of skeletal muscles, and reduces the time of wound healing. The early administration (3 hours after the injury) of HA in the mode: locally in the para volar tissues, after 3 hours (at the end of the primary surgical treatment of the wound) and additionally after 24 hours after the injury is considered to be the most effective.Conclusions: Intramuscular injection of hyaluronic acid into the para volar tissues in the first hours after the wound in case of an explosive soft tissue wound is a sanogenetically justified method of correcting the wound process.

Background. The possibility of local application of autologous blood plasma (ABP) in soft tissue injuries is currently of particular interest.Objectives. Evaluation of the effects of peri-wound (perifocal) administration of ABP on red blood parameters, microcirculation and oxygen supply of soft tissues of the limb in experimental explosive wound (EW) in rats.Methods. EW was simulated on male Wistar rats (n=146) using a firecracker with a pyrotechnic mixture (patent RU No. 2741238 dated 22.01.2021). Animals were divided into 4 groups: control (2), comparison (1), main (1). The volume of blood loss in explosive wounds was 8 and 15% of the estimated circulating blood volume (CBV) of the animal. Blood was drawn from the rat tail to obtain ABP. 3 hours after the injury, ABP or 0.9% sodium chloride solution was injected intramuscularly into the explosive wound area at a rate of 2.0 ml/kg of animal weight. After 3, 7, 14, 28 days, the number of red blood cells, haemoglobin content, haematocrit were determined in the blood, and microcirculation and oxidative metabolism parameters were determined in the skeletal muscles of the injured area. The data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2013 (Microsoft, USA) and Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft Inc., USA).Results. Blood loss of 8% of the CBV in injured animals did not lead to changes in the quantitative composition of peripheral red blood. After an explosive wound with a blood loss of 15% of the CBV, there was a moderate decrease in the number of red blood cells (from 8.3×1012/l to 6.5×1012/l, p < 0.02), haemoglobin level (from 149.5 g/l to 118 g/l, p < 0.01), haematocrit (from 43.8% to 33.6%, p < 0.01) with recovery by day 7 of observation. The explosive soft tissue wound was characterized by marked post-traumatic microcirculatory disorders irrespective of the amount of blood loss. Perifocal intramuscular administration of ABP in animals with an explosive wound and blood loss of 15% CBV reduced the severity of post-traumatic microcirculatory and oxidative metabolic disorders mainly in the early post-traumatic period, as evidenced by an increase in the perfusion variation coefficient Kv by 1.2–1.3 times (p < 0.05), tissue oxygen consumption U by 20–22% (p < 0.05) and fluorescent oxygen consumption by FPC by 48% (p < 0.05).Conclusion. With an experimental explosive wound of the soft tissues of the thigh in rats, a single early (3 hours after the injury) peri-wound intramuscular administration of ABP reduces the severity of local post-traumatic microcirculatory and metabolic disorders in skeletal muscle.

Time, nature, and duration of changes in microcirculation and metabolism, as well as their differences in skin and muscle tissue of the injured area during experimental explosive trauma in rats in different wound process phases, are evaluated. Experimental explosive damage was simulated on 30 Wistar rats. The total condition of rats, their activity, interest in food and water, wound area with characteristic wound healing time calculation, the volume of injured pelvic limb, and changes of microcirculation and metabolism in the skin and skeletal muscles of the paravulnar region were evaluated. The explosive damage has led to a deterioration of microcirculation and metabolism in the skin, and especially, in the muscles of the injured area. Compared to the intact group, the microcirculation deterioration resulted in a decreased constant component of perfusion in the skin and muscles by 57.6% and 40.9% and a decreased vial by 76.9% and 76.5%, respectively (p 0.05), as well as in reducing the fluorescent oxygen intake in the skin and muscles by 25.7% and 51.8% and a complex indicator of effective oxygen exchange by 81.1% and 91.9%, respectively (p 0.05). During the experiment, the microcirculation and metabolism were gradually restored, which is more pronounced in the skin, except for the repeated deterioration of the non-vascular regulation of microcirculation in the muscle (a decreased vial by 29.3% of the norm, p 0.05). Changes in the main indicators of microcirculation and metabolism indicate normal skin defect healing and unsatisfactory muscle defect repair (decreased volume of the injured limb (68% of the norm, p 0.05)), accompanied by the recurrence of extravascular disorders in the muscle. Developing new and improved existing methods of delivering biologically active drugs and drugs to the area of muscular damage in the early days after the injury, which strengthen the local blood flow and create conditions for damaged muscle regeneration, reduce the wound healing time without forming pathological scars.

The aim of the study was to evaluate microcirculatory and metabolic changes in damaged skeletal muscles in rats with experimental explosive trauma with acute blood loss. Material and methods. An experimental model of explosive damage to the soft tissues of the pelvic limb in rats was used to assess microcirculation and metabolic activity in the muscles of the area of the explosive wound by laser Doppler flowmetry and laser fluorescence diagnostics using the LAKK-M device. Results and discussion. It was found that during the entire follow-up period (28 days), pronounced disorders of microcirculation and metabolism were formed in the damaged muscles. Tissue perfusion was significantly reduced, which is confirmed by a change in the coefficient of variation of the microcirculation index, the value of which was lower by 36–51 % ( p < 0.05) in all follow-up periods in animals from the intact group, and the maximum decrease in the indicator was observed by 28 days (6.7 (6.3; 7.4) %, at p < 0.05). Tissue metabolism was rearranged in the direction of activation of the anaerobic pathway: there was a decrease in the index of specific oxygen consumption by the tissue – by 2.3 times ( p < 0.05), the fluorescent index of oxygen consumption by the tissues – by 60 % ( p < 0.05), the integral index of oxygen exchange efficiency by an average of 8.5 times ( p < 0.05) relative to healthy animals, which generally indicated weak oxygen utilization by the tissues. These disorders of metabolism and oxygen consumption by the tissues of the damaged area persisted throughout the experiment with a slight positive dynamics by the end of the observation period. Conclusion. The obtained data are a pathogenetic justification for the development of means for the local correction of microcirculatory and metabolic disorders in the muscles in the case of explosive trauma in the post-traumatic period.

The aim of the study was to evaluate microcirculatory and metabolic changes in damaged skeletal muscles in rats with experimental explosive trauma with acute blood loss. Material and methods. An experimental model of explosive damage to the soft tissues of the pelvic limb in rats was used to assess microcirculation and metabolic activity in the muscles of the area of the explosive wound by laser Doppler flowmetry and laser fluorescence diagnostics using the LAKK-M device. Results and discussion. It was found that during the entire follow-up period (28 days), pronounced disorders of microcirculation and metabolism were formed in the damaged muscles. Tissue perfusion was significantly reduced, which is confirmed by a change in the coefficient of variation of the microcirculation index, the value of which was lower by 36–51 % (p < 0.05) in all follow-up periods in animals from the intact group, and the maximum decrease in the indicator was observed by 28 days (6.7 (6.3; 7.4) %, at p < 0.05). Tissue metabolism was rearranged in the direction of activation of the anaerobic pathway: there was a decrease in the index of specific oxygen consumption by the tissue – by 2.3 times (p < 0.05), the fluorescent index of oxygen consumption by the tissues – by 60 % (p < 0.05), the integral index of oxygen exchange efficiency by an average of 8.5 times (p < 0.05) relative to healthy animals, which generally indicated weak oxygen utilization by the tissues. These disorders of metabolism and oxygen consumption by the tissues of the damaged area persisted throughout the experiment with a slight positive dynamics by the end of the observation period. Conclusion. The obtained data are a pathogenetic justification for the development of means for the local correction of microcirculatory and metabolic disorders in the muscles in the case of explosive trauma in the post-traumatic period.

Objective − to evaluate the effect of local administration of an aqueous solution of deproteinized calf blood extract (DCB) on microcirculation and metabolism of soft tissues of the thigh in rats with experimental traumatic muscle ischemia. Material and methods. 112 Wistar rats were distributed into experimental (n = 34), control (n = 34), comparison (n = 34) and intact (n = 10) groups. Under narcosis, traumatic muscle ischemia was modeled by means of hip compression within 7 hours. The animals of the experimental and the comparison group, 3 hours after the cessation of compression, were injected locally into the area of injury, equal volumes (0.2 ml) of an aqueous solution of DCB (drug Actovegin®) and 0.9 % sodium chloride solution, respectively. Animals of the control group did not receive local treatment. Evaluation of microcirculation and soft tissue metabolism was carried out using the LAKK-M apparatus before compression and 7, 14 and 28 days after its termination. Results. In rats with traumatic muscle ischemia, microcirculation and metabolism disorders occurred in the soft tissues of the area of compression with the greatest changes 7 days after the cessation of compression. This was indicated by a decrease in the coefficient of variation (K v ) by 35 % (p ≤ 0.05), an increase in the perfusion oxygen saturation index in the microcirculation (S m ) by more than 5 times (p ≤ 0.05), a decrease in the specific oxygen consumption index in the tissue (U) 2.6 times (p ≤ 0.05), as well as a decrease in the fluorescent oxygen consumption index (FOC) by 9.9 times (p ≤ 0.05) and the oxygen exchange efficiency (OEE) by 56 times (p ≤ 0.05). Local administration of 0.9 % sodium chloride solution and DCB was accompanied by a less pronounced drop in K v (at p ≤ 0.05) without significant differences between the groups, what indicated the positive role of the volumetric component of the administered drugs on the restoration of microcirculation in the area of damage. Oxygen consumption by tissues in the area of injury in response to the introduction of 0.9 % solution did not change significantly. After local injection of DCB, an increase in tissue oxygen consumption was observed, S m decreased by 25 % (p ≤ 0.05), and U increased by 16 % (p ≤ 0.05) at all periods of observation. The introduction of DCB promoted an increase in FOC (2.3 times; p ≤ 0.05) and OEE (3.5 times; p ≤ 0.05) mainly on days 7-14, which indicated the effect of active substances that make up DCB, on tissue metabolism in the area of damage. Conclusion. In traumatic ischemia in rats, a single local injection of an aqueous solution of deproteinized calf blood extract in the early post-compression period (3 hours after the cessation of compression) within 28 days of observation improves microcirculation in the muscle tissue of the damaged area, increases oxygen consumption by cells and activates their metabolism.

The experiment was carried out on male pigs, which in the operating room were simulated with acute blood loss (air temperature 23oC). Then the animals were placed in a climatic chamber (minus 50 ° C) for 10 minutes. Then the temperature in the climatic chamber was raised to minus 10 ° C and the introduction of the test solutions to the animals began. It was found that in both groups there were similar indicators of blood pressure. The heart rate and respiratory rate in animals in the group with the experimental solution based on polyglucin derivatives were lower than in the group with the solution based on dextran. Key words: external general cooling, pigs, blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, infusion solution.

The experiments were performed on 280 male Wistar rats weighing 300-340 g. The design of the study included: modeling of compression injury of the soft tissues of the thigh, local injection of the preparation of hyaluronic acid "Gialift 3.5" into the area of damage 3 hours after the cessation of compression, taking into account the results after 7, 14 and 28 days. The introduction of hyaluronic acid into the area of compression injury of soft tissues reduces the severity of myoglobinemia, increases the immunohistochemical density of VEGF-positive cells, improves the perfusion characteristics of microcirculation, oxygen saturation, and specific oxygen consumption by tissues. Keywords: traumatic muscle ischemia, hyaluronic acid, myoglobin, microcirculation, metabolism, laser Doppler flowmetry, morphometry.

In this study, we have evaluated clinical efficacy of the topical universal hygiene product ‘Bodyguard’ containing porous silicon-containing sorbent with microdoses of silver and lithium for the treatment of primary erosive or secondary ulcerative-necrotic skin lesions. We used this product in a female patient with lipoid necrobiosis of the skin: necrotic smell disappeared 2 days after sorbent application; the amount of discharge decreased after 4 days; granulations developed after 14 days; scarring continued for the next 3 weeks. In a patient with erosive lesions on the face after chemical peeling, ‘Bodyguard’ reduced pain and swelling and ensured complete epithelization of the damaged area without scarring and pigmentation after 14 days. In a patient with postoperative subcutaneous hematoma, the sorbent stopped ulcerative-necrotic skin lesions within 21 days, eliminated edema and pain, optimized healing, and prevented pathological scarring; the patient demonstrated complete epithelization in the area of skin defect 3 months later. Positive effects of the sorbent ‘Bodyguard’ are associated with its sorption properties (neutralization of products of free radical reactions and products of tissue alteration) and with the antibacterial effect of silver, which provides analgesic, anti-inflammatory, dehydrating (drying), cleansing, and wound healing effects.

In this study, we have evaluated clinical efficacy of the topical universal hygiene product ‘Bodyguard’ containing porous silicon-containing sorbent with microdoses of silver and lithium for the treatment of primary erosive or secondary ulcerative-necrotic skin lesions. We used this product in a female patient with lipoid necrobiosis of the skin: necrotic smell disappeared 2 days after sorbent application; the amount of discharge decreased after 4 days; granulations developed after 14 days; scarring continued for the next 3 weeks. In a patient with erosive lesions on the face after chemical peeling, ‘Bodyguard’ reduced pain and swelling and ensured complete epithelization of the damaged area without scarring and pigmentation after 14 days. In a patient with postoperative subcutaneous hematoma, the sorbent stopped ulcerative-necrotic skin lesions within 21 days, eliminated edema and pain, optimized healing, and prevented pathological scarring; the patient demonstrated complete epithelization in the area of skin defect 3 months later. Positive effects of the sorbent ‘Bodyguard’ are associated with its sorption properties (neutralization of products of free radical reactions and products of tissue alteration) and with the antibacterial effect of silver, which provides analgesic, anti-inflammatory, dehydrating (drying), cleansing, and wound healing effects.

Regional activation of cellular repair systems, including local application of hyaluronic acid, is a promising direction for the sanogenesis of muscle injuries. Purpose: to identify the sanogenetic and pharmacological effects of local application of hyaluronic acid in experimental soft tissue compression trauma. Compression injury was simulated by mechanical compression of the right pelvic limb of a rat at the level of the lower leg for 7 hours with a pressure force of 10-12 kg/cm2. Further, the animals were divided into 2 groups: 3 hours after decompression, animals in the main group were injected with 3.5% hyaluronic acid (the drug «Hyalift 3.5») by fan-pricking with a sterile disposable syringe at 5-6 points to a depth of 0.5-0.8 cm in a volume of up to 0.1 ml at each point; rats in the control group were given a similar method and an equivalent volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The level of myoglobin in the blood, microcirculation, histomorphological and immuno- histochemical characteristics of tissues in the compression area were studied. A comprehensive analysis of the results of the study allowed us to establish that early local administration of 3.5% hyaluronic acid to the area of compression damage of soft tissues (3 hours after decompression) has a muscle-protecting effect, activates the repair system of damaged skeletal muscles. It is concluded that the sanogenetic effect of hyaluronic acid is mediated by the mecha- nisms of its pharmacological action: activation of angiogenesis, improvement of in situ efficiency of microcirculation and metabolism, reduction of the severity of primary and secondary necrosis and about traumatic disorders, activation of regeneration of damaged muscle fibers with the formation of muscle tissue. Hyaluronic acid is an active stimulant of reparative processes in the perspective of pharmacotherapy and may be a promising component in the local correction of extensive traumatic injuries.

One of the main reasons for the death of potentially wounded military personnel on the battlefield is ongoing bleeding. In recent years, with the advent of a new group of local hemostatic drugs, the results of prehospital care with external massive bleeding have improved significantly. At the same time, local haemostatic agents based on chitosan showed the greatest effectiveness. The results of the experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of new local haemostatic agents based on chitosan: «Gemohit» (powder, 20 g in the package) and «Hemohit-bandage» (a bandage in the z-fold, 8×150 cm) using the model of external massive arterial bleeding in sheep according to the variant of marginal femoral artery injury. Some of the tests were carried out after 3 years of storage of the preparations (3 samples) and under ambient conditions minus45°C (2 tests). It was found that with external massive arterial bleeding, the use of powder and bandage in the z-fold ensured survival of the animals in 100% of cases, primary and final hemostasis was achieved in 50 and 100% of cases, respectively. Storage for 3 years, as well as use of the drug at low ambient temperature does not reduce its effectiveness. The use of local haemostatic agents «Gemohit» and «Hemohit-bandage» is not accompanied by side effects (local hyperthermal reaction, distal or proximal embolism of blood vessels). Local haemostatic funds «Gemohit» and «Gemohit-bint» showed high efficiency in the experimental model of massive external arterial bleeding. Using the local hemostatic agent «Gemohit» in the form of a bandage is more promising in terms of convenience and effectiveness than the use of powder.