Experiments on passivation of 1000–5000 ppm nickel on commercial zeolite-containing cracking catalysts were performed. The optimum passivator/nickel ratios for the catalysts containing up to 5000 ppm nickel were determined. The catalysts after the deactivation with nickel and its passivation were studied by such methods as temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption, X-ray diffraction analysis, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The boron-containing passivator binds nickel into a difficultly reducible form, thus considerably reducing its dehydrogenating activity. The effect of deactivation of catalysts with nickel on their activity in the cracking of hydrotreated vacuum gasoil was demonstrated. The passivation of nickel in an amount of up to 5000 ppm with boron-containing compounds partially restores the activity of the commercial zeolite-containing catalyst in the cracking of hydrotreated vacuum gasoil.

Catalysts based on Ru and Pd nanoparticles on mesoporous hybrid supports consisting of mesoporous phenol–formaldehyde polymers and silica were synthesized. The catalysts were tested in furfural hydrogenation at 150–250°С and hydrogen pressure of 3 MPa. In furfural hydrogenation in the presence of the Pd catalyst, the yield of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol was 99

The aerobic oxidation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) was studied in hexadecane under ultrasonic treatment. Under these conditions, aldehydes can activate oxygen; however, the activation efficiency largely depends on the chemical nature of the aldehyde. The time dependence of the DBT oxidation in hexadecane was studied in the presence of valeraldehyde, caprinaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and anisaldehyde. After the treatment, the DBT concentration in hexadecane can decrease from 100 to 6 ppm. In the absence of ultrasonic treatment, the reaction does not proceed under these conditions.

Abstract—Aerobic oxidation of organosulfur compounds of petroleum origin by atmospheric oxygen was performed using a heterogeneous catalyst in the form of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. By studying the oxidation of model mixtures (a solution of dibenzothiophene in decalin), the following conditions for the complete oxidation of dibenzothiophene were selected: catalyst weight, 1 mg; temperature 130°C; and time, 180 min. The catalyst remains active throughout five oxidation cycles. Physicochemical studies showed that the phase composition and structure of the catalyst persist after the regeneration stage.

A ruthenium catalyst based on hexagonal mesoporous silica modified with aluminum (Al-HMS structural type) of a Si/Al ratio equal to 10 was studied in the hydrodeoxygenation reaction of bio-oil components containing a guaiacol fragment. The catalyst was tested in the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol, methoxyguaiacol, formylguaiacol, and propylguaiacol in the presence of water at a hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa and a temperature of 250°C. The effect of the substrate structure on the conversion and selectivity of hydrotransformation towards fully hydrogenated and deoxygenated products is shown. The effect of temperature in the range of 210–290°C on the conversion and distribution of guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation products at various hydrogen pressures (2.5 and 6.0 MPa) is demonstrated. Experiments were carried out on the hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol in a mixture with water, n -dodecane, and methanol at a hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa and a temperature of 250°C. The effect of the model mixture composition on the conversion and distribution of guaiacol hydrodeoxygenation products is shown.

A new phosphorous-free rhodium supported on a nitrogen-doped silica was successfully used as a catalyst for the hydroformylation of alkenes. The obtained material and the catalyst were characterized by XRD, XPS, FTIR, SEM, TEM, ICP AES, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements. The catalytic performance was studied by the example of the hydroformylation of octene-1 at temperatures of 80–140 °C and a pressure of 5.0 MPa. The catalyst provided a 99% conversion of 1-octene with a 98% yield of aldehydes and showed a good conversion of styrene and cyclohexene. The catalyst can be repeatedly used in ten consecutive cycles, with its activity remaining constant.

Pt- and Pd-containing catalysts based on the mesoporous aluminosilicate Al–HMS (Hexagonal Mesoporous Silica) with the Si/Al ratio of 10 were synthesized. The catalysts were tested in furfural hydrogenation in an aqueous medium at a hydrogen pressure of 1–5 MPa in the temperature interval 100–200°С. At 100°C, furfural transformed mainly into furfuryl alcohol, and at 200°С, into cyclopentanone (3 MPa of Н2, 1 h). In the presence of the Pd/Al–HMS catalyst, the conversion and selectivity of formation of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol increased with an increase in the initial hydrogen pressure or in the catalyst concentration (100°С, 1 h). Pd/Al–HMS is more active in furfural hydrogenation in an aqueous medium: With this catalyst, virtually complete furfural conversion was reached in the temperature interval 150–200°С, whereas with Pt/Al–HMS the conversion did not exceed 23

The possibility of improving the procedure for preparing vanadyl phthalocyaninate in a mixture of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons by replacing phthalic anhydride in the starting reactants by phthalimide was evaluated. In the system with phthalimide, the vanadyl phthalocyaninate yield was thus increased by 21

Three rhodium-containing catalytic systems active in tandem hydroformylation/hydrogenation of unsaturated substrates were developed based on polyethyleneimine (PEI): a homogeneous system with distillation of the product; a biphasic system with segregation of the product and catalyst into a non-polar phase and a polar phase, respectively; and a solid catalyst prepared from PEI and (3-chloropropyl)triethoxysilane with its centrifugation from the product mixture. All the systems were shown to be reusable over multiple cycles in hydroformylation/hydrogenation, with the catalytic activity being partially sustained in both steps of the tandem process. Methylation of PEI (or its NH and NH 2 moieties in the case of solid material) was found to be critical for the catalytic activity in hydroformylation.

The paper describes synthesis of ruthenium and nickel catalysts supported on aluminum-modified SBA-15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous-15) mesoporous silicate, designated as Al-SBA-15, with a Si/Al ratio of 20. The catalysts were investigated in aqueous-phase hydrogenation of furfural, a valuable product obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Elevating the reaction temperature from 200 to 250°C and the hydrogen pressure from 3 to 5 MPa enhanced the selectivity towards methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF). The ruthenium catalyst outperformed its nickel counterpart in terms of activity in aqueous-phase furfural hydrogenation (250°C, 5 MPa H 2 ).

Mesoporous nanospherical resorcinol-formaldehyde polymers NSMR-1 and NSMR-2 are synthesized. They are characterized by an average material particle size of 289 and 156 nm, respectively. Hybrid catalysts NSMR-Ru-1 and NSMR-Ru-2 were fabricated, which are Ru nanoparticles included in the structure of polymer supports NSMR-1 and NSMR-2. The catalysts were tested in the guaiacol hydrogenation at a temperature of 200°C and a hydrogen pressure of 5.0 MPa in an aqueous medium. It was found that the NSMR-Ru-2 catalyst, which is characterized by a smaller support particle size, exhibits a higher activity compared to the NSMR-Ru-1 catalyst. Experiments were carried out on the hydrogenation of guaiacol in a mixture with methanol, acetic acid, and furfural over the NSMR-Ru-2 catalyst. The influence of oxygenates on the conversion of guaiacol and the selectivity for its hydrogenation products was displayed.

Oxidation of dibenzothiophene with air oxygen is possible in the alkane—aldehyde system under ultrasonic influence. Capric and valeric aldehydes at 80 °C exhibited significant activity as oxygen activators, benzoic aldehyde was much less active, and paraform was inactive. No oxidation occurred in the absence of aldehyde and/or ultrasound.

In view of the growing environmental concerns and the need to involve alternative sources of raw materials in the chemical industry, intensive research efforts in the last decades have focused on carbon dioxide reactions. In this context, the present review discusses prior studies that were aimed at producing commercially important compounds, such as acids, alcohols, organic carbonates, and polycarbonates, in homogeneous catalytic systems that contain transition-metal complexes. Such systems have been traditionally valued for their high activity and selectivity under relatively mild conditions. The review provides systematized information both on CO2 reactions with hydrogen to produce C-1 chemicals such as formic acid and methanol, and on CO2 interactions with organics (e.g., olefins, alcohols, and epoxides) to produce valuable chemical compounds.

The paper describes the synthesis of a Ni2P-NSMR catalyst based on nickel phosphides supported on a nanospherical mesoporous resorcinol–formaldehyde polymer. The catalyst was tested in the hydrogenation of phenol at 220, 270, and 320°C and at a hydrogen pressure of 6.0 MPa. The cyclohexanone selectivity and phenol conversion in the presence of Ni2P nanoparticles supported on the mesoporous polymer amounted to 92 and 17%, respectively, compared to 80 and 13% in the presence of unsupported Ni2P nanoparticles.

Characteristics of zeolite ZSM-12 crystallization using methyltriethylammonium chloride and N,N -dimethyl- N -ethyl(monoethanol)ammonium bromide as templates have been studied. The materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analysis, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption–desorption, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia, and solid-state 27 Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It has been shown that dimethylethylethanolammonium bromide inhibits crystal growth along the a and c planes and thereby contributes to crystal growth only in the direction of the b axis, which, in turn, leads to lower surface area and acidity of the sample than the respective parameters of the zeolite synthesized using methyltriethylammonium chloride.

Carbonylation of ethylene on cobalt catalysts in the presence of promoters was studied. It was shown that aromatic nitrogenous bases improve the stability of the catalytic system based on cobalt dioctacarbonyl and enable the carbonylation of ethylene in propanol-1 under substantially milder conditions, compared with the absence of a promoter. The carbonylation of ethylene in propanol-1 yields propyl propionate and diethyl ketone as products. Phenanthroline and 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine were found to be the most effective among the promoters studied. The modification of cobalt dioctacarbonyl with phenanthroline and 4-N, N-dimethylaminopyridine favors an increase in the reaction selectivity with respect to diethyl ketone and propyl propionate, respectively.

The hydroconversion of kerogen-containing rock (oil shale) into synthetic crude oil was studied, and an optimum combination of catalytic additives, extractants, and modifiers in the hydroprocessing was found to ensure reasonable yields and quality of the synthetic oil. With the use of modifiers and catalytic additives, is possible to increase the conversion of kerogen into shale oil to a value of >90%. The modifiers and additives based on a mixture of cobalt and molybdenum compounds exhibited the greatest activity.