Сахарная свекла в Российской Федерации является основным источником получения одного из важнейших продуктов питания – сахара. В условиях интенсификации сельского хозяйства главной задачей селекции Beta vulgaris L. является создание отечественных высокопродуктивных гибридов. При этом существует необходимость использования биотехнологических приемов для получения новых форм либо выравнивания и клонирования компонентов имеющихся селекционных достижений. Для создания диплоидных гибридов в настоящее время используют F1-гибрид между инбредной МС линией и неродственным О-типом как материнский компонент и открыто пылящую линию в качестве отцовского компонента-опылителя. Sugar beet in the Russian Federation is the main source of one of the most important food products - sugar. Under the conditions of agricultural intensification, the main task of breeding Beta vulgaris L. is the creation of domestic highly productive hybrids. At the same time, there is a need to use biotechnological methods to obtain new forms or to equalize and clone the components of existing breeding achievements. To create diploid hybrids, an F1 hybrid between an inbred MC line and an unrelated O-type is currently used as a maternal component and an open dusting line as a pollinating paternal component.

Since the discovery of the phenomenon of haploidy, biotechnology has become an integral part in the successful creation of new varieties and hybrids of various plant species. In particular, these technologies are actively used in agriculture, which is concerned with increasing the volume and improving the quality of products. The integration of haploid production techniques together with other available biotechnological tools such as marker selection (MAS), induced mutagenesis and genetic engineering technologies can significantly accelerate crop breeding. This article shows the main stages in the development of biotechnology since 1921. Now they are successfully used to create doubled haploids to accelerate the selection process of various plants and, in particular, sugar beet, which is the most important sugar crop in regions with a temperate climate. There are several methods for obtaining forms with a single set of chromosomes. For sugar beets, the use of gynogenesis turned out to be expedient, since in this case the other methods turned out to be ineffective in the mass production of haploids. The article considers the stages of obtaining the H and DH lines of Beta vulgaris L., as well as the main stages of biotechnological production of homozygous breeding material of this culture. These stages include selecting parental forms – donor explants, sterilizing buds and introducing non-pollinated ovules in vitro, obtaining haploids, doubling their chromosome set, creating doubled haploids, determining ploidy at different stages, relocating the obtained plants to greenhouses and growing stecklings. A number of advantages that the technology of creating doubled haploids in vitro has in comparison with traditional methods of selection are described. It has been shown that the use of these approaches is relevant when obtaining new highly productive hybrids and varieties of agricultural plants; however, the methods for the production of homozygous forms in sugar beet still require additional research aimed at increasing the efficiency and reproducibility of each stage of the process.

Here we consider aspects of the application of biotechnological methods to rapid creation, propagation, and maintenance of plants with improved or new traits in sugar beet breeding. The results of the works carried out in these fields by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "The A.L. Mazlumov All-Russia Research Institute of Sugar Beet" are reviewed. A close association between morphological and physiological changes in in vitro cultured organs and tissues, on the one hand, and breeding traits, on the other hand, which allows the development of experimental systems for non-amphimictic plant reconstruction is shown. The influence of in vitro growth conditions on haploid cells of unfertilized sugar beet ovules in the course of obtaining doubled haploid lines with high degree of homozygosity and maintenance of valuable breeding properties is considered. As compared to common inbreeding, this method shortens the time for development of homozygous material from 10-12 to 3-5 years, which is of great importance for speeding-up the breeding process. The results of studies on the culturing of mature sugar beet zygotic embryos based on in vitro selective systems have made it possible to improve the adaptive potential of plants and to provide complex resistance to environmental stress factors. Strict selection under abiotic stress conditions allowed creation of sugar beet isogenic lines with tolerance of drought, salinity, and soil acidity. It is shown that the proposed original design of mass-scale microclonal in vitro reproduction and deposition of elite plants as components of highly productive hybrids can be used to obtain seeds of uniform high-quality breeding material. The technologies developed by biotechnological methods are a topical and innovative direction of inquiry, since the application of these techniques to sugar beet breeding will promote obtaining of competitive hybrids with a set of commercially valuable traits. The combination of biotechnology methods, including tissue culture, and traditional breeding techniques is expected to provide an opportunity to obtain a new starting material to develop domestic varieties and hybrids of new generation with heterosis effect and a wide resistance spectrum persisting across generations.

В статье представлены приоритетные методы клеточной биотехнологии, которые можно использовать при создании, размножении нового исходного материала сахарной свеклы. Разработка и внедрение технологий на основе культивирования изолированных клеток и тканей в селекционный процесс Beta vulgaris L. будет способствовать по- лучению новых форм, которые станут основой создания конкурентоспособных гибридов сахарной свеклы с комплексом желаемых полезных признаков. In the article, priority methods of cell biotechnology that can be used when developing and propagating a new sugar beet starting material are presented. Development and introduction of the technologies based on cultivation of isolated cells and tissues into breeding process will promote obtaining of new forms that become a basis for production of competitive sugar beet hybrids with the complex of desired useful traits.

Представлены результаты создания в условиях in vitro регенерантов сахарной свеклы с адаптационной способностью к комплексу стрессовых факторов окружающей среды. Изучено содержание пролина при стрессе. Установлено, что колебания содержания пролина на фоне различных стрессоров могут служить показателем комплексной устойчивости клеток. The results of under in vitro conditions development of sugar beet regenerats with ability to adapt to a complex of environmental stress factors are presented. Proline content under stress has been studied. It has been determined that variations of the proline content against the background of various stressors influence can indicate a complex cell resistance.

Представлены результаты изучения влияния состава селективной питательной среды с ионами кадмия при культивировании семян и микроклонов сахарной свеклы в условиях in vitro. Выявлены сублетальные концентрации ацетата кадмия, позволяющие проводить отбор устойчивых регенерантов. Показана наиболее высокая устойчивость к стрессовым факторам семян. The results of studying the infl uence of composition of selective nutrient medium with cadmium ions in cultivation of seeds and microclones of sugar beets in vitro are presented. Sublethal concentrations of cadmium acetate have been identifi ed that allow selection of stable regenerants. The highest resistance to stress factors of seeds is shown.

Использование цитофотометрического анализа количества ДНК при создании гетерозисных гибридов сахарной свеклы позволяет проводить браковку генотипов с измененным набором хромосом (реверсивные формы) и отбирать растения с постоянной плоидностью (2n18, 4n36) Use of DNA cytophotometric analysis when developing heterosis sugar beet hybrids has given a chance to discard genotypes with changed chromosome number (reverse forms) and to select plants with constant ploidy level (2n18, 4n36).

Представлены результаты исследований по созданию растений-регенерантов сахарной свеклы, устойчивых к засухе и кислотности среды. Выявлена оптимальная концентрация селективных агентов для отбора устойчивых регенерантов. Разработана схема создания линий с устойчивостью к эдафическим факторам. Отобраны устойчивые микроклоны. Results of studies on development of sugar beet plants-regenerants resistant to drought and medium acidity are presented. Optimal concentration of selective agents to select resistant regenerants has been revealed. Scheme to produce lines with resistance to edaphic factors have been developed. Resistant microclones have been selected.

The methods of isolated tissue cultures allowing production and rapid propagation of the sugar beet plant material with improved or new traits are described in the presented study. It was shown that the proposed original scheme of mass reproduction and in vitro deposition of elite plants—components of highly productive hybrids—can be used for the production of seeds with improved quality. The technology of in vitro selective selections carried out under abiotic stress conditions allows for the production of sugar beet isogenic lines with high resistance to external environment abiotic factors (salinization, drought, soil acidity). The effect of certain factors of in vitro culture on haploid cells of sugar beet ovules allowed production of doubled haploid lines (DH) with high homozygosity level and qualitative seeds of highly productive hybrid components. The developed technologies based on biotechnological methods are a preferred and innovative direction of research in modern science, since the introduction of these developments in the breeding process will contribute to the production of competitive hybrids with a set of desired economic traits.

Представлены результаты исследований, направленных на индуцирование гаплоидов у сахарной свеклы. Влияние стрессовых условий in vitro на неоплодотворенные семязачатки дали возможность создать гомозиготные DHлинии. Заключительным эта пом работ явился перевод в закрытый грунт диплоидизированных регенерантов с развитыми листьями и корневой системой, выращивание из них семенных растений и получение качественных семян компонентов гибридов сахарной свеклы. Минуя многократное самоопыление растений, этот прием позволил в 2 раза быстрее получить различные линии генетически и морфологически выровненного материала с ценными се лекционными признаками. The results of studies on obtaining of sugar beet haploids are presented. The impact of stressful conditions in vitro on unfertilized ovules gave an opportunity to create homozygous DHline. The final step of the research was the indoor soil placement of diploidized regenerants with developed leaves and root system, the cultivation of seed plants from them and the production of highquality seeds of sugar beet hybrids. Bypassing multiple selfpollination of plants, this technique allowed 2 times faster to obtain different lines of genetically and morphologically aligned material with valuable breeding characteristics.