To evaluate the effects of antibiotics and glyphosate, an experiment was conducted on 260 broilers. Four experimental groups were formed: I—control group, which received the basic diet (BD), II experimental group—BD with the addition of glyphosate; III experimental—OR with the addition of glyphosate and veterinary antibiotics enrofloxacin and colistin methanesulfonate; IV experimental—OR with the addition of glyphosate and ammonium maduramicin. Glyphosate and antibiotics combined with a herbicide altered the microbial community in broiler’s cecum. Genome-wide analysis made it possible to estimate the increase in the proportion of eukaryotic microorganisms and viruses under the influence of antibiotics. In the group of prokaryotic microorganisms, under the influence of glyphosate and antibiotics, significant changes were noted associated with a decrease in the proportion of bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium sp., Lawsonibacter sp., Lachnoclostridium sp. and Subdoligranulum sp., capable of producing butyrate and other short-chain fatty acids. These results indicate the negative impact of glyphosate in combination with antibiotics on the health and productivity of poultry, since these acids have a wide range of positive properties, for example, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory and proliferative effects.

In conditions of intensive poultry farming, significant amounts of xenobiotics enter the bird’s body. To investigate this, four groups of Ross 308 broiler chickens were formed: (1) control group fed the basic diet (BD); (2) experimental group fed BD supplemented with glyphosate; (3) experimental group fed BD along with combination of glyphosate and two antibiotics, enrofloxacin and colistin methanesulfonate. Analysis of the expression of genes for performance (IGF1, IGF2, MYOG, MYOZ2, SLC2A1, SLC2A2, SLC5A1, MSTN and TGFB1), antioxidant defense (CAT, SOD1, PRDX6 and HMOX1) and histological barrier function (MUC2, OCLN and CLDN1) in cecal tissues of birds were carried out using quantitative RT-PCR using a DTlight thermal cycler (DNA-Technology, Russia) and the SsoAdvancedTM Universal SYBR® Green Supermix kit (Bio-Rad, USA). The results showed that glyphosate alone (Group 2) inhibited the expression of a number of genes associated with productivity (IGF1, IGF2, SLC5A1 and MSTN) up to 4.1 times as compared with Group 1 (p < 0.05). In Groups 2 and 3, there was a decrease in almost all cases in the mRNA production of the MUC2, OCLN and CLDN1 genes in intestinal tissues from 1.3 to 2.2 times as compared to the control (p < 0.05).

The study investigates a method to reduce the presence of glyphosate in the gastrointestinal tract of birds by utilizing specially selected strains of bacteria as probiotics. The widespread use of glyphosate, especially in connection with the introduction of GMO-resistant crops, leads to its pervasive accumulation in plant feed as well as in food consumed by humans. The public's concern about the safety of glyphosate is increasing, especially in the context of its chronic effect on humans through food consumption a concern confirmed by the results of toxicological evaluations. This work analyzes the content of glyphosate in samples of feed for livestock birds and proposes a way to reduce the impact of glyphosate on a birds body by using commercial probiotics. Particular strains of probiotics, which possess the property of biotransformation, are investigated.

In recent years, there have been more data that the nonselective herbicide glyphosate (GLY) can negatively impact gut bacterial communities. The aim of our study was to investigate the composition of broiler caecal microbiome under chronic exposure to GLY and the introduction of a probiotic microorganism strain into the diet. 120 broilers were divided into three groups: Group 1 of control birds fed the basic diet (BD); Group 2 of experimental birds fed BD supplemented with GLY; and Group 3 of experimental birds fed BD supplemented with GLY and a probiotic strain of the microorganism Bacillus sp. GL-8. For analysis, we used the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique. Due to the GLY administration, there was a trend of lowering the biodiversity of normal microflora representatives, along with intestinal colonization by undesirable forms of microorganisms. In particular, when adding GLY (Group 2), we observed a decreased number of Tepidimicrobium representatives (0.001 ± 0.00006

Relevance. There is increasing information that glyphosates can have a range of adverse effects on animal, bird and human health, raising serious concerns about global feed and animal and poultry product safety. Methods. The experiments were carried out in the vivarium of OOO “BIOTROF+” on broilers of the Ross 308 cross. The birds were divided into 3 groups: 1st (control), which received a diet without additives, 2nd (experimental), which received a diet with the addition of glyphosate, 3rd (experimental), which received a diet with the addition of glyphosate and a strain of the microorganism Bacillus sp. GL-8. Analysis of the gene expression of the caecum of the intestines of broilers was carried out using quantitative PCR with reverse transcription. To analyze mRNA expression, specific primers for antimicrobial peptide genes were selected. Amplification reactions were performed using “SsoAdvanced™ Universal SYBR® Green Supermix” (“Bio-Rad”). Results showed that the residual amounts of glyphosates which are present at sterns of broilers influence an expression of genes of antimicrobic peptides AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4, AvBD6, CATH-2, NK-lysin, strengthening it. For example, in experimental group 2, there was an increase in gene expression of defensins AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4, AvBD6 by 21.9, 29.9, 35.1 and 33.5 times, respectively, compared to control group 1 (Р ≤ 0,001). A decrease (31 to 41%) in LEAP-2 gene expression when feed is contaminated with glyphosates may likely lead to a decrease in resistance to bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella enterica typhimurium, Streptococcus spp. and increased severity by the symptom of coccidiosis in poulty. The probiotic had a «leveling» effect on the expression of AvBD1, AvBD2, AvBD4 and AvBD6 defensin genes. This is likely due to the enhancement in the probiotic-modified gut microbiota of glyphosate metabolic opportunities, which may have acted as a physical barrier.

Glyphosate is the most common and widely used broad-spectrum herbicide. Although glyphosates are generally considered harmless to animals, they can affect macroorganisms through changes in microbial communities: glyphosate sensitive. In the present study, the toxic effect of glyphosate on the composition and functional state of the caecum microbiome of broiler chickens was assessed using the whole genome sequencing method. Functional differences in the microbiome that occur in the microbial community under the influence of glyphosate were identified at the level of glycolytic enzymes of the pathways responsible for the metabolism of simple carbohydrates. Elimination of a number of enzyme genes involved in the Embden-Meyerhof pathway was revealed. When glyphosate was added to the poultry diet at a concentration above the MPC, phosphodiesterases were eliminated in the microbial community, so glyphosate can lead to an increase in the concentration of second messengers (for example, cAMP) and disruption of signaling between cells. In the microbiome of the experimental birds, the decrease in diversity occurred inversely with the concentration of glyphosate. Such changes can indirectly lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the digestive processes of digestion of feed by birds and a decrease in the level of energy metabolism.

Косвенное воздействие гербицидов глифосатов на здоровье животных и птиц через изменения в их микробиомах могут оказаться не менее важными, чем прямое воздействие на физиологию макроорганизмов. Методом NGS-секвенирования показано, что глифосат, содержащийся в загрязненных кормах для бройлеров, даже в минимальных концентрациях, которые в несколько раз ниже уровней ПДК для кормов, при хроническом воздействии может негативно влиять на микробное сообщество слепых отростков кишечника. Бройлеров кросса Росс-308 разделили на 3 группы по 40 голов в каждой: I контрольная, II опытная, получавшая рацион с добавлением глифосата в количестве 20 мг/кг корма; III опытная, получавшая рацион с добавлением глифосата, а также пробиотического штамма микроорганизма Bacillus sp. ГЛ-8. Показано, что патогенные и оппортунистические микроорганизмы, которые, вероятно, менее чувствительны или даже нечувствительны к глифосату, могут увеличивать численность, вытесняя представителей нормофлоры. Так, в группе II, по сравнению с контролем, возрастало количество микроорганизмов семейств Staphylococcaceae - в 5,0 раз и Enterobacteriaceae - в 1,5 раза (P≤0,05). Введение в рацион пробиотика на фоне присутствия в кормах глифосата оказало позитивное влияние на разнообразие и численность микроорганизмов различных таксонов. Под влиянием пробиотика в группе III по сравнению с группой II происходило снижение численности таких клостридиальных кластеров, как Clostridium_III, Clostridium_IV, Clostridium_sensu_stricto Clostridium_XlVa, Clostridium_XlVb, Clostridium_XVIII (P≤0,05). Вероятно, это связано с антимикробной активностью штамма в составе пробиотика и/или присутствием генов биодеструции ксенобиотиков, что предполагает будущие исследования в данном направлении.

The use of biological products that combine the advantages of different strains of microorganisms and beneficial bacterial metabolites to achieve a synergistic effect seems promising. The effect of such drugs may match the antibiotics, but without a negative effect on immunity and intestinal microbiota, accumulation in final products. Such advanced technologies can contribute to an increase in the productivity and duration of the economic use of poultry. In this study, we observed the effect of Bacillus megaterium and Enterococcus faecium bacterial strains combined introduction on the intestinal microbiota and genes of immunity and nutrients transport expression in laying hens. An increase in the content of the Bacillaceae family by an average of 36% and of the Veillonellaceae family by an average of 60% while applying bacterial strains has been noted. The reduction of pathogenic bacterial species including Enterobacteriaceae (1.25 times), Peptococcaceae (4 times), Mycoplasmataceae (5.5 times), Pasteurellaceae (1.1 times) also been marked. The addition of bacterial strains changed the differential expression of a range of genes. The expression of IL6 genes increased 2.2 times, IL8 5.3 times, AvBD9 increased 10.1 times, AvBD10 5.8 times, IRF7 7.3 times in experimental group compared with the control group. The expression of PTGS2 decreased in the experimental group to 0.68 compared to the control group. The expression of SLC5A1 increased by 2.8 times, Ca2 gene increased 1.9 times, CaBP-D28k also increased 1.6 times in the experimental group.