Представлен сингулярно-динамический метод получения критериев неустойчивости и хаоса в неравновесных системах. Приводятся примеры, демонстрирующие метод и даются аналитические условия возникновения хаоса.

The projective-kinetic method formulated in [1, 2] for a macroscopic description is used to investigate the dynamics of perturbations of a charged subsystem in a strong electric field. A system of macroscopic equations is constructed, and general expressions for the correlation functions (CF) and nonequilibrium kinetic coefficients (NKC) related to them are derived. By the example of the correlation density function and nonequilibrium diffusion coefficient, the CF and NKC asymptotes are examined for a highly nonequilibrium state. It is demonstrated that when the stability changes, the CF density is subject to anomalous discontinuity and the differential conductivity alters its sign in strong fields.

Consideration is given to the dynamics of disturbances of a charged weakly ionized plasma on exposure to a fairly strong electric field in the presence of high velocities and disturbance gradients. Equations for macroscopic description of the plasma are constructed by the projective-kinetic method; the general expressions for correlation functions and their related nonequilibrium kinetic coefficients are obtained. With the example of the correlation density function and the diffusion coefficient of a highly nonequilibrium plasma, the asymp-totics of its kinetic coefficients is considered.

New non-stationary non-contracted form of the erosive radially-slotted discharge as a thin round sheet with the current of the azimuth direction have been discovered, its existence beings stipulated by a radial transport-wave fluxes. Characteristic features of this discharge is self-confinement of the discharge current magnitude, corresponding decrease of the current pulse duration and occurrence of an energy and substance ejection with rather unusual properties. Measurements of kinetics of the discharge current, the plasma radiation intensity and an electrical probe signal, as well as the transmission electron microscope investigations of characteristic aerodisperse aggregates arising the erosive phase, have been carried out. The probe signal duration was about 10 times greater than that of the current; its kinetics was complicated suggesting existence in the slot of two components with fundamentally different properties and states of the substance.

Physical conditions of formation of the ball lightning with high energy density considered as condensate of heavily excited atoms have been studied. In our approach the ball lightning formation processes is considered as a form of energy-structure self-organi-zation on the base of metastable substance and interchange. We propose different variants of the experimental method to create autonomous formation on the base of the closed capillary discharge allowing to obtain the objects with the life time up to 2s which burn through the foil, explode and can penetrate through the polymer wall without destroying it.

A special mode of laser action—the surface evaporation—has been experimentally studied on a large number of various materials. Characteristic features of the pure evaporation mode have been established, and some possible applications of the method for modifying surfaces and clean-cutting of biopolymers are indicated.

The laws of large departures from equilibrium and the laws governing structural transitions indicated previously by the author are used as the basis for discussing anomalous phenomena. Their main properties are described, a classification is put forward, a simple model is proposed to describe an anomalous phenomenon, and several families of possible phenomena are indicated.

The phenomenon of dynamic structural transition is discussed. Its main characteristics and dependences are noted together with various effects and applications.

A universal projectional method of abbreviating description is given and its application is demonstrated for all levels. Effective characteristics obtained as a result of this abbreviation are considered. Their properties and behavior are discussed for a wide range of measures of action together with the effects induced by them.

A general theory of dynamic similarity, which includes processes with strong disequilibrium and considers the generalized similarity of processes, is discussed. The basic laws of the theory, viz., the measures of action and dynamic correspondence, are formulated. A basic tool for dynamic correspondence, viz., the object-process classifier, is proposed. An initial description of the principal parts of the theory is given. Possible effects and the relations describing them are indicated.

The law and principle of dynamic correspondence are used to analyze the laws governing the reaction of a system in the form of functional action-reaction relations for a wide range of nonequilibrium conditions. The dynamic correspondence is reflected by a dynamic object process classifier which is used to indicate possible new highly nonequilibrium effects. The laws of reaction are used to give a simple description of a structural transition for a wide range of systems.

An analysis is made of the phenomenon of structural transition which generalizes the phase transition concept and encompasses structures of all levels and strong nonequilibrium. The main properties, the laws governing structural transitions, and the effects caused by them are indicated. A simple model is proposed to describe structural transition and is used to analyze various nonequilibrium transitions.

An analysis is made of the law of alternating nonequilibrium, dictating an oscillatory change in the degree of nonequilibrium for a wide range of influence. With increasing influence, intervals of decreasing degree of nonequilibrium at their onset correspond to structural transitions and accompanying anomalous states. This law can be used to identify a wide variety of new nonequilibrium effects.

The law of structural conditioning of disequilibrium is discussed.

A study is made of the so-called dynamic state of a metastable substance, characterized by the onset of a nonequilibrium energy interaction (interchange), involving various waves, in the excited material. The intensity of the optical emission is used to analyze the dynamic state; an investigation is made of the propagation of its leading and trailing edges. Various propagation characteristics and natural solitary-wave forms are identified; their similarity to ionization waves allows making some assumptions about the essential nature of this process. The observed effects are important for establishing the physical conditions for the formation of the substance of ball lightning and are also interesting for the physics of flames, electrical breakdown, and electrode spots.

A qualitative boundary law and an abnormality relationship are formulated and their genetic link with the phenomenon of structural transition is demonstrated. This phenomenon includes phase transitions, dissociation and ionization, turbulence, and explosion. The formulated relationships are used to indicate classes of possible nonequilibrium effects.

Dynamic laws are formulated which provide the basis of the macroscopic theory of highly nonequilibrium processes — superhydrodynamics.