Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of mortality and disability in the Chinese population. Neurorestorative treatments represent effective therapeutic strategies for patients with ICH. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in ICH neurorestoration. However, the absence of established standards and guidelines presents a major challenge in both clinical practice and fundamental research. To address this issue, the Chinese Association of Neurorestoratology (CANR; Preparatory), together with the China Committee of the International Association of Neurorestoratology (IANR-China Committee), convened a panel of experts to consolidate various neurorestorative approaches and develop comprehensive clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of ICH neurorestoration. These guidelines provide diagnostic criteria and staging for ICH, as well as therapeutic strategies for neurorestoration at different stages of the condition, aiming to improve patient survival rates and quality of life.

The clinical cell (somatic cell) therapy of neurorestoration started at the beginning of this century, and olfactory ensheathing cell therapy for chronic complete spinal cord injury achieved a neurorestorative therapeutic breakthrough of "0" to "1" over thousands of years. Some patients recover from lost nervous functions and are able to stand as well as walk again with the assistance of orthosis or a walking stick. This opens a large curtain for the deeper exploration of clinical cell therapy of neurorestoration1, 2, 3, 4. This article focuses on the introduction of development and changes of management policies for the application of somatic cells in China, especially on the key points of the Regulations on Clinical Research and Clinical Translation Application Management of Biomedical New Technologies issued by the State Council of the People's Republic of China (No.818) [5].

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a common pediatric neuromotor disorder that is characterized by persistent impairments in movement, muscle tone, and posture. It is frequently associated with sensory, cognitive, and behavioral comorbidities. This guideline presents evidence-based recommendations for neurorestorative therapy in pediatric CP, developed through a systematic review of 44 studies (including randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and systematic reviews) published up to December 31, 2024. Recommendations were graded according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Key recommendations include the use of the Gross Motor Function Classification System for precise motor dysfunction grading, neuroimaging-supported diagnostic criteria, and a multidisciplinary neurorestorative treatment approach. This approach encompasses cell therapy (Grade B), pharmacological management (Grades B-C), surgical interventions (Grade B), neuromodulation (Grade B), structured rehabilitation (Grade B), and psychological support (Grade C). The guideline also advocates for a multi-tiered prevention strategy targeting primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. By emphasizing evidence-based, individualized, and multidisciplinary care, this guideline aims to optimize neurorestorative outcomes and improve quality of life for children with CP, while encouraging ongoing research and periodic updates as new evidence emerges.

In the year 2024, the continuous novel advances in the field of Neurorestoratology have reflected the exploring pathogenesis and neurorestorative mechanisms of the neurodegenerative diseases. Clinical therapeutic neurorestorative explorations have demonstrated exciting results benefiting patients with neuro-psychiatric diseases through various therapeutic strategies, including neuromodulation and brain-computer interfaces, cell therapies, neurorestorative surgery as well as pharmaceutical therapy, and intensive training. More randomized clinical trials of neurorestorative treatments have been conducted and demonstrated positive results, which will be further translated into routine clinical practice. Here we compile the most relevant studies with the sole idea of contributing to the improvement of quality of life of people suffering from neurological disorders. This yearbook emphasizes and summarizes some of the most relevant reserach in the field of Neurorestoratology, evidenced by published articles in original impact journals during 2024.

There are a very significant number of papers report-ing on the management of acute and sub-acute central nervous system(CNS)infections.As well as studies in-troducing manifestations or mechanisms of sequelae or complications following CNS infections,such as COVID-19[1,2].However,there are relatively few reports on neurorestorative therapeutic strategies for addressing the sequelae of CNS infections.Many medical professionals still hold the belief that there are no effective therapies for restoring lost neurological functions in patients with sequelae of CNS infections.

Remarkable advancements have been made in understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and other neurological disease; in our depth of understanding neurorestorative mechanisms such as anti-inflammatory processes, immune regulation, neuromodulation, neovascularization/neural repair, and neuroprotection; and in clinical neurorestorative treatments. Multiple types of cell therapies have been reported, with some positive outcomes. Diverse forms of neurostimulation and neuromodulation as well as brain–computer interfaces have shown good therapeutic outcomes in clinical applications. Further, therapeutic neurorestorative surgery and pharmaceutic therapy have been very impressive. These fundamental achievements are helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of neurological diseases and the mechanisms of neurorestoration. Patients with neurological impairments have benefited from therapeutic progress, but some of these therapies still require confirmation in higher-level randomized clinical trials.

of the graft will reinstate the deficit. The data presented represents the current status of the study.

Parkinson's disease (PD) in military personnel engaged in combat operations is likely to develop in their later lives. In order to enhance the quality of lives of PD patients, exploration of novel therapy based on new research strategies is highly warranted. The hallmarks of PD include increased alpha synuclein (ASNC) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leading to brain pathology. In addition, there are evidences showing increased histaminergic nerve fibers in substantia niagra pars compacta (SNpc), striatum (STr), and caudate putamen (CP) associated with upregulation of histamine H3 receptors and downregulation of H4 receptors in human brain. Previous studies from our group showed that modulation of potent histaminergic H3 receptor inverse agonist BF-2549 or clobenpropit (CLBPT) partial histamine H4 agonist with H3 receptor antagonist induces neuroprotection in PD brain pathology. Recent studies show that PD also enhances amyloid beta peptide (AβP) depositions in brain. Keeping these views in consideration in this review, nanowired delivery of monoclonal antibodies to AβP together with ASNC and H3/H4 modulator drugs on PD brain pathology is discussed based on our own observations. Our investigation shows that TiO2 nanowired BF-2649 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) or CLBPT (1 mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 1 week together with nanowired delivery of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to AβP and ASNC induced superior neuroprotection in PD-induced brain pathology. These observations are the first to show the modulation of histaminergic receptors together with antibodies to AβP and ASNC induces superior neuroprotection in PD. These observations open new avenues for the development of novel drug therapies for clinical strategies in PD.

Neuropathic pain is associated with abnormal sensations and/or pain induced by non-painful stimuli, i.e., allodynia causing burning or cold sensation, pinching of pins and needles like feeling, numbness, aching or itching. However, no suitable therapy exists to treat these pain syndromes. Our laboratory explored novel potential therapeutic strategies using a suitable composition of neurotrophic factors and active peptide fragments-Cerebrolysin (Ever Neuro Pharma, Austria) in alleviating neuropathic pain induced spinal cord pathology in a rat model. Neuropathic pain was produced by constrictions of L-5 spinal sensory nerves for 2–10 weeks period. In one group of rats cerebrolysin (2.5 or 5 ml/kg, i.v.) was administered once daily after 2 weeks until sacrifice (4, 8 and 10 weeks). Ag, Cu and Al NPs (50 mg/kg, i.p.) were delivered once daily for 1 week. Pain assessment using mechanical (Von Frey) or thermal (Hot-Plate) nociceptive showed hyperalgesia from 2 weeks until 10 weeks progressively that was exacerbated following Ag, Cu and Al NPs intoxication in nerve lesioned groups. Leakage of Evans blue and radioiodine across the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is seen from 4 to 10 weeks in the rostral and caudal cord segments associated with edema formation and cell injury. Immunohistochemistry of albumin and GFAP exhibited a close parallelism with BSCB leakage that was aggravated by NPs following nerve lesion. Light microscopy using Nissl stain exhibited profound neuronal damages in the cord. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) show myelin vesiculation and synaptic damages in the cord that were exacerbated following NPs intoxication. Using ELISA spinal tissue exhibited increased albumin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), myelin basic protein (MBP) and heat shock protein (HSP 72kD) upregulation together with cytokines TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 levels in nerve lesion that was exacerbated following NPs intoxication. Cerebrolysin treatment significantly reduced hyperalgesia and attenuated BSCB disruption, edema formation and cellular changes in nerve lesioned group. The levels of cytokines were also restored near normal levels with cerebrolysin treatment. Albumin, GFAP, MABP and HSP were also reduced in cerebrolysin treated group and thwarted neuronal damages, myelin vesiculation and cell injuries. These neuroprotective effects of cerebrolysin with higher doses were also effective in nerve lesioned rats with NPs intoxication. These observations suggest that cerebrolysin actively protects spinal cord pathology and hyperalgesia following nerve lesion and its exacerbation with metal NPs, not reported earlier.

Cell therapies have been explored to treat patients with nervous diseases for over 20 years. Even though most kinds of cell therapies demonstrated neurorestorative effects in non-randomized clinical trials; the effects of the majority type cells could not be confirmed by randomized controlled trials. In this review, clinical therapeutic results of neurorestorative cell therapies according to cellular bio-proprieties or cellular functions were introduced. Currently it was demonstrated from analysis of this review that some indications of cell therapies were not appropriate, they might be reasons why their neurorestorative effects could not be proved by multicenter, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Theoretically if one kind of cell therapy has neurorestorative effects according to its cellular bio-proprieties, it should have appropriate indications. The cell therapies with special bio-properties is promising if the indication selections are appropriate, such as olfactory ensheathing cells for chronic ischemic stroke, and their neurorestorative effects can be confirmed by higher level clinical trials of evidence-based medicine.