Worldwide, bladder cancer is the 7th most common cancer type in men and 11th in both sexes. The standardized by age incidence is 9.0 cases per 100.000 people among men and 2.2 cases per 100.000 people among women.The most common (>90 %) histological form of malignant epithelial tumors of the bladder is transitional cell carcinoma. Transitional cell carcinoma with squamous cell, glandular, or trophoblastic differentiation is rare. Squamous cell carcinoma comprises about 5 % of malignant epithelial bladder tumors, adenocarcinomas from 0.5 to 2.0 %. Small-cell and spindle-cell carcinomas are exceptionally rare (<0.5 %). Primary small-cell, or neuroendocrine, carcinoma is a very rare disease with incidence of <0.5 % of all bladder tumors. Presumably, small-cell carcinoma of the bladder (SCCB) is similar to small-cell carcinoma of the lung and consists of a population of a relatively homogenous cells with scant cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei; extensive necrosis is also common. Histogenesis of SCCB is unknown, but there are 2 hypotheses on development of cancerous cells: from rare neuroendocrine cells and multipotent stem cells of the bladder.Prognosis is poor for most patients: in the report by I. Trias et al., median survival was less than 1 year, long-term survival for 5 or more years was extremely rare. In more than a half of patients, metastatic lesions of the regional lymph nodes, liver, or bones were observed during diagnosis.In the Russian literature, the problem of SCCB remains insufficiently investigated due to low incidence of this morphological type. Treatment is mostly administered empirically.

Оbjective is to evaluate the rate of bladder cancer in children and adolescents, characteristics of its histological variant, and treatment approaches. Materials and methods. A review of international literature on the problem of bladder cancer in children and adolescents as well as our own clinical observations of this pathology in 7 male patients aged 5–17 years in the period from 2012 to 2017 are presented.Results. According to the literature data and our own clinical observations, bladder cancer in children and adolescents is a rare pathology and it is a well-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma, localized, with favorable prognosis and rare recurrence. Treatment approach for bladder cancer in children and adolescents is the same as in adults, and usually is limited to transurethral resection of the bladder tumor.Conclusion. These observations serve as a reminder that bladder cancer can occur in children and adolescents, as well as in adults, which should elevate oncological vigilance among general practitioners.

О bjective is to evaluate the rate of bladder cancer in children and adolescents, characteristics of its histological variant, and treatment approaches. Materials and methods. A review of international literature on the problem of bladder cancer in children and adolescents as well as our own clinical observations of this pathology in 7 male patients aged 5–17 years in the period from 2012 to 2017 are presented. Results. According to the literature data and our own clinical observations, bladder cancer in children and adolescents is a rare pathology and it is a well-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma, localized, with favorable prognosis and rare recurrence. Treatment approach for bladder cancer in children and adolescents is the same as in adults, and usually is limited to transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Conclusion. These observations serve as a reminder that bladder cancer can occur in children and adolescents, as well as in adults, which should elevate oncological vigilance among general practitioners.

Objective: to assess the early and late functional results of partial nephrectomy in patients with solitary functioning kidney tumors.Materials and methods. Medical data of 131 consecutive patients with solitary kidney parenchymal tumor, who had undergone partial nephrectomy at the N. N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, were analyzed. The median age was 57 (26–75) years. All the patients were diagnosed with solitary kidney tumor (median RENAL score was 7.0 ± 2.4 and median PADUA score was 9.0 ± 2.2). The median baseline glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 74 (33–159) ml/min/1.73 m2 (30 (22.9 %) – stage III chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 0 (0 %) – stages IV–V CKD). All the patients underwent partial nephrectomy (with ischemia in 98 (74.8 %) patients, including cold ischemia in 59 (45.1 %)). The median time of ischemia was 24 (7–80) min. The median blood loss was 800 (20–4500) ml.Results. Acute renal injury was recorded in 69 (52.7 %) cases; 6 patients (4.6 %) had indications for acute dialysis. The independent risk factors of acute renal injury were sinus invasion (hazard ratio (HR) 0.08; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.03–0.22; p = 0.051), baseline GFR <80 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR 0.45; 95 % CI 0.22–0.92; p = 0.021), parenchymal ischemia (HR 0.13; 95 % CI 0.05–0.33; p = 0.032), and >500-ml blood loss (HR 0.24; 95 % CI 0.12–0.51; p = 0.005). Progression of previously diagnosed CKD was recorded in 58 (44.6 %) patients; chronical dialysis was required in 2 (1.5 %) patients. The independent risk factors of CKD progression were sinus invasion (HR 0.38; 95 % CI 0.18–0.81; p = 0.002), medial location of the tumor (HR 0.19; 95 % CI 0.09–0.41; p = 0.001), baseline GFR, <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR 0.24; 95 % CI 0.10–0.56; p <0.0001), warm ischemia (HR 0.41; 95 % CI 0.17–1.00; p = 0.052).Conclusion. Solitary kidney resection is associated with a low risk for renal function loss. To achieve optimal functional results, it is desirable to follow the balance between the indications for renal vessel ligation and the need to avoid >500-ml blood loss and cold ischemia.

The paper presents a clinical observation of patient K. who has undergone single left kidney re-resection 5 years after extracorporeal resection for renal cancer recurrence. Active surgical policy as re-resection of the autografted kidney has been found to be sound and to yield satisfactory functional results.

The results of treatment were analyzed in 308 in patients with non-muscle-invasive (NMI) bladder cancer (BC). The incidence of recurrences was studied in patients with NMI BC who had undergone primary and second look (SL) transurethral resection (TUR). SL TUR is used to identify residual Т 1G2 − G3 tumors and to specify the stage of the disease, owing to which treatment policy for BC is changed. The authors revealed significant differences between the groups in the rate of early and recurrent NMI BC and its occurrence time during 5 years. The findings show the benefit of relapse-free survival after SL TUR in the T1G2-G3 BC group (p = 0.018). The authors also discuss whether it is reasonable to use SL TUR that allows this procedure to be recommended for patients with G2-G3 NMI BC in routine clinical practice.

The incidence of recurrences was analyzed in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who had undergone primary or secondary transurethral resection (TUR). The 5-year incidence of recurrences was studied. The authors also discuss whether it is reasonable to use second-look (restaging) TUR, which allows this procedure to be recommended for routine clinical practice.

The incidence of recurrences was analyzed in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer who had undergone primary or secondary transurethral resection (TUR). The 5-year incidence of recurrences was studied. The authors also discuss whether it is reasonable to use second-look (restaging) TUR, which allows this procedure to be recommended for routine clinical practice.

In 1987 to 2002, the N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, treated 167 patients with bladder cancer (BC) (T1N0M0 G3). Of them, 90 patients underwent transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder without adjuvant therapy (Group 1) and 77 patients had TUR with subsequent intravesicular therapy with BCG vaccine (Group 2). The frequency of relapses was significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 ones (58.9 and 44.8%, respectively (p