The article presents a case of successful surgical treatment of a 3-month-old child with a rare pathology – tuberculosis lesion of the intrathoracic lymph nodes causing compression of the left main bronchus. The child was admitted with signs of respiratory failure. An X-ray examination revealed signs of emphysema of the left lung. According to the data of contrast CT, a volumetric hypodensive formation was detected, which slightly accumulated contrast, with a capsule up to 0,3 cm thick, located in the area of the tracheal bifurcation, causing compression of the left main bronchus, esophagus, pulmonary bifurcation. During tracheobronchoscopy, a narrowing of the main bronchus to 1 mm was found immediately after bifurcation of the trachea. During the operation, a formation with a diameter of up to 2 cm was removed. According to the results of a morphological study, the formation is regarded as tuberculous granulomatous inflammation of the lymph node. The rarity of the pathology causes difficulties in diagnosis and treatment.

The article presents a case of successful surgical treatment of the newborn with a rare congenital pathology – thoracoschisis. The newborn had been transferred urgently 6 hours after birth from the perinatal center. The initial examination revealed a chest defect measuring 6×3×3 cm in size and located along the midclavicular line from the 4th to 6th ribs through which the additional lobe of the liver prolapsed (Riedel’s lobe). After examination and preoperative preparation, 17 hours after birth, a surgical treatment was carried out – moving the liver to the abdominal cavity, closing defects of the diaphragm and thorax. In the postoperative period, serous pericarditis developed, requiring puncture and pericardial drainage. On the 21st day of life the child was transferred to the somatic hospital in a satisfactory condition. Observations conducted over the two years after the operation indicated the child's satisfactory condition, and revealed no complaints. The extreme rarity of this pathology causes certain difficulties in determining the appropriate treatment strategies, and concomitant congenital malformations contribute to high mortality.

A comprehensive study of the state of the spincter muscle complex in children after surgical correction of anorectal malformations was carried out,including MRI of the structure of the spincter muscle complex,fecal continence on the Rintala scale, manometric studies of the anal function.The poor development of the spincter muscle complexwas characterized by a decrease (p < 0,05) of the average values of the relative width of the puborectal muscle (PRWR) to 0,14 ± 0,03, for the relative width of the external anal sphincter (EASWR) to 0,12 ± 0,02, which turned out to be 2,4 times lower than patients with excellent and good results. Values of PRWR 0,15.

The terminology of chronic abdominal pain, as well as further treatment tactics, are still the subject of debate. Conservative treatment in some patients with chronic abdominal pain is ineffective. Laparoscopic appendectomy is a scientifically based surgical intervention for patients with chronic abdominal syndrome with localization in the right iliac region in children who do not show peritoneal signs and changes in laboratory parameters, with the exception of intercurrent pathology by non-invasive methods.

We present a case of complete extended tubular esophageal duplication in a newborn without concomitant abnormal development. Esophageal duplication is diagnosed based on the clinical picture, direct laryngoscopy, esophagography and contrastenhanced computed tomography. The esophageal duplication was removed by thoracoscopy, isolation from the pharynx was performed via a separate dissection on the neck.

Chylothorax is a rare disease occurring in children and infants. It can be both traumatic and nontraumatic in origin. We reviewed our experiences of managingt 15 pediatric cases of chylothorax. We demonstrated effective results of conservative treatment (sandostatin, total parenteral nutrition). We discuss indications for and terms of surgical treatment of chylothorax.