An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1875372824550018

Представлены результаты временного и пространственного распределения аэрозольных частиц и включенных в них микропримесей (полициклические ароматические углеводороды, полихлорированные бифенилы) в приводном слое атмосферы над оз. Байкал, полученные в ходе корабельной экспедиции с 18 по 24 июля 2022 г. За исследуемый период в приводной атмосфере озера наблюдались в основном низкие значения массовой и счетной концентраций аэрозольных частиц, стойких органических загрязнителей (ПАУ, ПХБ) в сравнении с пожароопасными периодами 2016-2020 гг. За время экспедиции содержание ПАУ в атмосфере изменялось от 0,071 до 2,6 нг/м3, что ниже концентраций, зафиксированных при пожарах (0,22-133 нг/м3). Повышенное содержание исследуемых компонентов обнаружено только в отдельных районах Южного Байкала, где формирование структуры аэрозоля происходило за счет локальных источников загрязнений, расположенных в населенных прибрежных районах (пос. Листвянка, пос. Култук, г. Слюдянка, г. Байкальск), и в момент переноса загрязненных воздушных масс северо-западного направления на озеро от Иркутска и Ангарска. В пробах аэрозолей из фоновых районов преобладала группа ПАУ с двумя-тремя бензольными кольцами, в составе которых доминировали нафталин и фенантрен. Вблизи локальных источников в южной части Байкала увеличивалась доля ПАУ с четырьмя, пятью и шестью бензольными кольцами (флуорантен > пирен > бенз(б)флуорантен), которые имеют пирогенное происхождение и образуются при высокотемпературных процессах сгорания органического топлива (при сжигании угля, древесины, жидкого топлива). Выявлена положительная корреляция содержания аэрозольных частиц и ПАУ. Обнаруженные концентрации аэрозольных частиц (1,0-13,7 мкг/м3) и бенз(а)пирена (0,01-0,22 нг/м3), нормируемые в России, не превышали ПДК. Несмотря на запрет производства и ограниченное использование ПХБ, их следы обнаружены в различных промышленных и фоновых регионах во всем мире. Показано, что содержание полихлорированных бифенилов в приводной атмосфере Байкала (0,48-5,63 пг/м3) сравнимо с концентрациями, наблюдаемыми в фоновых регионах мира (0,04-25 пг/м3). The article presents the results of temporal and spatial distribution of aerosol particles and micro-admixtures included into them (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls) in the near-water layer of the atmosphere above Lake Baikal obtained during a ship expedition from July 18 to July 24, 2022. During the study period, in the lake near-water atmosphere, mainly low values of mass and number concentration of aerosol particles, and resistant organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs) were observed compared to the fire hazard periods of 2016-2020. During the expedition, the PAHs content in the atmosphere varied from 0,071 to 2,6 ng/m3, which is lower than the concentrations established during the fires (0,22-133 ng/m3). Increased concentrations of the studied components were found only in some areas of Southern Baikal, where the formation of aerosol structure occurred due to local pollution sources situated in the populated near-shore areas (namely, Listvyanka, Kultuk, Slyudyanka, Baikalsk), and at the moment of transfer of polluted air masses northwestward to the lake from Irkutsk and Angarsk. In the aerosols samples from background areas, a PAHs group with two or three benzene rings dominated mainly by naphthalene and phenanthrene. Near local sources in the southern part of Lake Baikal, the proportion of PAHs with four, five and six benzene rings (fluoranthene > pyrene > benz(b)fluoranthene) increased; they are of pyrogenic origin and are formed at high temperature processes of organic fuel combustion (while combusting coal, wood, liquid fuel). We revealed a positive correlation between the content of aerosol particles and PAHs. The revealed concentrations of aerosol particles (1,0-13,7 mg/m3) and benz(а)pyrene (0,01-0,22 ng/m3) rated in Russia did not exceed the MAC. Despite the prohibition of production and limited use of PCBs, their traces were found in various industrial and background regions worldwide. It is shown that polychlorinated biphenyls content in Lake Baikal near-water atmosphere (0,48-5,63 pg/m3) is comparable to the concentrations observed in background regions worldwide (0,04-25 pg/m3).

Цель исследования заключалась в выявлении различий между составами полициклических ароматических углеводородов (ПАУ) атмосферы, воды, почвы и донных отложений водоемов и водотоков бассейна озера Байкал. Концентрации 10 приоритетных ПАУ в пробах были измерены с использованием газовой хроматографии с масс-спектрометрическим детектированием. Концентрация ПАУ во всех объектах среды значительно варьировали. Установлено, что суммарные концентрации ПАУ увеличивались с увеличением плотности вещества объекта среды в ряду атмосфера - поверхностные воды - донные осадки - почвы. Также установлено, что нелетучие гидрофобные ПАУ, состоящие из 5-6 бензольных колец, накапливаются в почвах и донных отложениях, тогда как растворимые в воде летучие ПАУ, состоящие из 3-4 бензольных колец, накапливаются в поверхностных водах.

Цель исследования заключалась в выявлении происхождения полициклических ароматических углеводородов (ПАУ) в поверхностных водах и донных отложениях. Концентрации четырех приоритетных ПАУ в пробах были измерены с использованием газовой хроматографии с масс-спектрометрическим детектированием. Выявление источников ПАУ производилось на основе величин отношений концентраций маркерных ПАУ. Установлено, что высокие концентрации ПАУ обусловлены высокой плотностью населения, в то время как низкие концентрации ПАУ - малой плотностью. Также установлено, что точность идентификации источников ПАУ в значительной степени зависит от уровня загрязнения и выбранного маркерного отношения концентраций ПАУ. Кроме того, установлено, что из-за разной устойчивости отдельных ПАУ к разложению результаты выявления источников выбросов являются весьма условными.

The results of studying the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol, precipitation, and snow cover on the territory of the Baikal State Biospherical Nature Reserve during 2017-2021 are presented. The principal ions in atmospheric aerosol and precipitation were sulfates and ammonium and those for snow cover were sulfates, nitrates, and calcium. The series of detailed simulations with the HYSPLIT model and the methods for statistical data processing (ArcGIS 10.2 and RStudio software) enable the identification of natural and anthropogenic groups of sources affecting the chemical compound of atmospheric deposition on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal. Based on snow survey data, the accumulation of the substances, which are the indicators of anthropogenic load, in the snow cover of the Baikal State Biospherical Nature Reserve was evaluated.

The differences and similarity of the chemical composition (ions, trace elements, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) of the near-water atmospheric aerosol collected in summer 2021 along the expedition routes of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in the region of the Kara Sea (the second stage of cruise 83, from June 18 to July 8, 2021), in the Barents Sea, and in the Norwegian-Greenland Basin (cruise 84, from July 24 to August 26) are revealed.

The results of studying the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol, precipitation, and snow cover on the territory of the Baikal State Biospherical Nature Reserve during 2017–2021 are presented. The principal ions in atmospheric aerosol and precipitation were sulfates and ammonium and those for snow cover were sulfates, nitrates, and calcium. The series of detailed simulations with the HYSPLIT model and the methods for statistical data processing (ArcGIS 10.2 and RStudio software) enable the identification of natural and anthropogenic groups of sources affecting the chemical compound of atmospheric deposition on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal. Based on snow survey data, the accumulation of the substances, which are the indicators of anthropogenic load, in the snow cover of the Baikal State Biospherical Nature Reserve was evaluated.

The study presents the data on concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), coarse (PM10, PM2.5) and submicron (PM1.0) particles in the atmosphere over the southern Baikal region at two monitoring stations (urban (Irkutsk) and rural (Listvyanka village)) in 2019–2022. Seasonal dynamics and high correlations between their concentrations are revealed. It was found out that PAHs are mainly sorbed on coarse particles in the atmosphere over Irkutsk and on submicron particles in Listvyanka. The total concentration of 21 PAHs varied at the stations from 1–3 ng/m3 in summer to 35–50 ng/m3 in winter, with an average annual value approximately 20 ng/m3. High concentrations in all seasons were determined for fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and phenanthrene. The calculated equivalent of aerosol toxicity in the atmosphere over Irkutsk increased from summer to winter with a growing contribution of benzo[a]pyrene exceeding maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 8 times. The mass concentration during the year varied from 13 to 180 μ g/m3 for PM10, from 4 to 121 μ g/m3 for PM2.5, from 4 to 118 μ g/m3 for PM1.0. Exceeding the MPC for PM2.5 by 1.1–3.4 times was recorded in Irkutsk from November to May. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and the factor analysis identified the main sources of air pollution by this class of compounds over the southern Baikal region, which are combustion of coal, liquid fuel, and firewood, and also motor transport emissions.

В работе представлены результаты, полученные в ходе корабельный экспедиции по акватории оз.Байкал с 1 по 9 сентября 2021г. Определена пространственно-временная неоднородность распределения ПАУ и PM10 в атмосфере над акваторией озера. На изменение концентраций загрязняющих компонентов оказывали влияние локальные источники на побережье озера и синоптические условия. Повышенные концентрации ПАУ и РМ10обнаружены: в Северном Байкале у п. Нижнеангарск, в Среднем Байкале в устье р.Селенги, в Южном Байкале вдоль восточного побережья и в истоке р. Ангара. В период наблюдений доля субмикронных частиц в разных районах акватории озера уменьшалась до 35-29 % от общей счетной концентрации, из приоритетных ПАУ в аэрозоле преобладали флуорантен > пирен > бенз(б)флуорантен. Действующие над регионом циклоны, которые сопровождались осадками и сильными ветрами, приводили к очищению атмосферы и снижению концентраций исследуемых компонентов.

Оценены составы полициклических ароматических углеводородов (ПАУ) поверхностных вод и донных осадков водных объектов бассейна озера Байкал. Сделана попытка реконструкции составов ПАУ источников загрязнения воды и донных осадков при помощи метода главных компонент (МГК), сопряженного с методом множественной линейной регрессии (МЛР). С его помощью было выделено четыре источника загрязнения вод, вклады которых были равны 25%, 5%, 30% и 40% соответственно. Первый источник характеризовался высокими концентрациями тяжелых ПАУ, что характерно для продуктов горения древесины. Второй источник характеризовался высокими концентрациями средних ПАУ, типичными для выбросов металлургической и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности. Третий источник характеризовался преобладанием легких ПАУ над тяжелыми, что типично для продуктов горения мазута и дизельного топлива. Четвертым источником, по-видимому, являлось горение бензина, так как он характеризовался абсолютным преобладанием легких ПАУ. Источниками ПАУ донных осадков, помимо вышеперечисленных, также являлось сжигание угля и деревообрабатывающие предприятия. The compositions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of surface waters and bottom sediments of water bodies of the Lake Baikal basin were evaluated. An attempt was made to reconstruct PAH compositions of water and bottom sediment pollution sources using the main component method (MGK), coupled with the multiple linear regression method (MLR). With its help, four sources of water pollution were identified, the contributions of which were equal to 25%, 5%, 30% and 40%, respectively. The first source was characterized by high concentrations of heavy PAHs, which is typical for wood combustion products. The second source was characterized by high concentrations of average PAHs typical of emissions from the metallurgical and pulp and paper industries. For the third source, it was characterized by a certain predominance of light PAHs over heavy ones, which is typical for fuel oil and diesel fuel combustion products. The fourth source seems to be the burning of gasoline, as it was characterized by an absolute predominance of light PAHs. The sources of PAH bottom sediments, in addition to the above, were also coal burning and woodworking enterprises.

Представлены результаты исследований химического состава снежного покрова Прибайкалья, подверженного воздействию аэротехногенных выбросов от источников Иркутской области и Республики Бурятия. Проанализированы пробы снежного покрова, отобранные вдоль трассы Иркутск - Листвянка, в дельте реки Селенги и на территории Байкальского государственного природного биосферного заповедника. Изучены особенности пространственного распределения трассерных веществ от крупных промышленных центров Юга Иркутской области и республики Бурятии вдоль направлений преобладающего переноса. Используя данные расчетов рассеивания антропогенных примесей от крупных городов-источников (HYSPLIT) получен процент неблагоприятных метеорологических ситуаций, при которых выбросы от региональных антропогенных источников могут достигать побережья озера Байкал. Показана картина пространственного распределения антропогенных веществ от крупных промышленных центров Прибайкалья вдоль преобладающего переноса.

The results of studying present-day oil product concentrations in water of Baikal and its tributaries are given. The highest concentrations of oil products have been identified in the Southern Baikal. Seasonal and year-to-year dynamics of oil product concentrations in lake tributaries was determined. The level of water pollution by hydrocarbons was evaluated in accordance the sanitary-hygienic standards for water bodies used for fishery. The inflow of oil products from Baikal through the Angara River was calculated, and their approximate budget in the lake was compiled.

The paper presents data on the content of PAHs in aerosols of the city of Irkutsk and on the coast of Lake Baikal (Listvyanka) between October 2015 and March 2017. We revealed seasonal and interannual dynamics in the distribution of PAHs in the atmospheric air of urban and rural areas. We carried out a comprehensive analysis of weather conditions, synoptic state, and data on an upper air sounding of the studied area using balloons. At two stations in the Southern Baikal region, we determined a high correlation between air temperature, atmospheric pressure, inversions, and PAHs concentrations.

The chemical composition (ions, elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of aerosol and gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3, HCl, NH3) in the surface layer of the atmosphere in Barentsburg, located on the Western Svalbard island (Svalbard archipelago), is analyzed. Atmospheric aerosol and gaseous impurities brought to the Arctic from middle latitudes and deposited on snow and ice not only interact with various natural objects, but also spread to long distances with melting dirty snow and ice. Air sampling was carried out following to methodology adopted by the international networks of the atmospheric monitoring programs in South-East Asia (EANET) and Europe (EMEP). In 2011-2015, the observations of the chemical composition of the atmospheric ground layer were performed daily during the light season (April-September), and monthly from April 2016 to 2018. The largest total ion concentrations were observed in 2011-2012. Seasonal variability of ion concentrations in the aerosol was characterized by high values in the cold period (October-February) and low values in the warm one (May-June). High values of the coefficient of correlation between ions Na+ and Cl- (r = 0,93) as well as between Mg2+ and Cl- (r = 0,81) throughout the year show that the main source of the aerosol is the sea surface. The significant correlation between ions K+, NO3-, NH4+, SO42-, K+, SO42- in the polar night point to the influence of local sources: coal mining at the mine and its combustion at thermal power plants. Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the gaseous impurities (SO2, HNO3) into the atmosphere, especially during the polar night, is also influenced by local sources. Among the elements the maximum enrichment of the aerosol was revealed for As, Cr, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb with a low content of Cd, Sn, Sb, W, and Pb in the coal, sludge and on the underlying surface. On the basis of the elemental composition of the aerosol and the back-trajectory analysis, it was shown that the air masses enriched in heavy metals come to the area of the Barentsburg settlement from middle latitudes.

We present the temporal and spatial variability of hazardous pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and solid particle РМ10 above the surface of Lake Baikal during wildfires in the north of the Irkutsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Krai, and Yakutia in July 2019. Background values were determined along the west and northeast coast of the lake. We detected elevated concentrations in areas subjected to anthropogenic impact in the water area of Southern Baikal near the Listvyanka settlement and the towns of Baikalsk and Slyudyanka. The maximum amounts were recorded in smoke plumes from wildfires along the west coast, from Central to Southern Baikal.

The chemical composition and current state water quality of the Selenga River and its tributaries in Mongolia are considered in this article based on the hydrochemical studies carried out in July, 2013-2014. The observed changes in the chemical composition of the water resulted from natural and anthropogenic factors are analyzed. It is shown that water quality of the Selenga River and its tributaries worsened because of the entering of polluting components from the catchment area of Ulaanbaatar city and its wastewater. No influence of the wastewater from the Erdenet Ore-Dressing Plant (EODP) on the content of the trace elements in the water of the Orkhon and Selenga Rivers is revealed.

We have analysed the data obtained during forest fires in the Irkutsk Region and Krasnoyarsk Krai in July 2016. The results show the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) intake to the water area of Lake Baikal. We have obtained the spatial distribution of the PAHs content in the surface aerosol and calculated their fluxes to the lake water surface. Using models of reverse trajectories and satellite photographs, we have traced the transfer of smoke trails from forest fires to the lake.

The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organic carbon (Corg), and mineral nitrogen (Nmin) in waters of Lake Baikal and its tributaries were analyzed. On the basis of these data, the indicators of the water composition, for Baikal Lake and its tributaries, were worked up for the first time. These indicators—the anthropogenic impact on the ecosystem (PAH/Corg) and the indicator of the capacity of the ecosystem to neutralize pollution (Nmin/Corg)—show a link between water pollution and the conditions of the watershed basin. It was established that (PAH/Corg) and (Nmin/Corg) can be used simultaneously as tracers to calculate the tributary input into organic matter of the lake. It was also revealed that Nmin/Corg is inversely proportional to the Corg concentration and directly proportional to N/C in the soil humus. On the basis of the indicators, the watershed areas and water area of the lake were distinguished. The areas are characterized by different levels of the pollution, self-purification capacity, and concentration of carbon in surface waters.

The aim of this study was the systematization and generalization of data obtained by authors during the last decade and the comparison of these data with those obtained by other authors. Gas chromatography (GC-MS) was used for the determination of PAHs and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for source apportionment of PAHs. It was found that the total concentration of 16 priority PAHs in surface waters varied from 5 to 200 ng/L, whereas the concentration of 16 PAHs in bottom sediments varied from 50 to 700 ng/g. The 2–3-ring PAHs were dominant in water, whereas the 4–6-ring PAHs were dominant in sediments. That was due to PAHs fractionation in the soil–water system. The source apportionment results showed that the PAHs in both water and sediments mostly originated from the combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. In contrast to sediments, there was a PAH fraction in water that did not originate from a single source. The pollution of freshwater ecosystems manifested itself in the lack of correlation between values of octanol/water partitioning coefficients and sediment/water partitioning coefficients of PAHs.