The DREB gene encodes the transcription factor DREB involved in the response of the plant to drought, salinity and heat. The DREB transcription factors induce the expression of multiple genes linked by signal transmission, abscisic acid-dependent and independent, in response to abiotic stress. Many wild species have evolved under extreme environmental conditions (drought, salinity), so they can serve as sources of new genetic variants of DREB in breeding wheat for stress resistance. The study of DREB orthologous genes in wild relatives of wheat will permit to expand the set of genes in its breeding improvement using wide hybridization, and the design and application of mo- lecular markers will facilitate transfer of these genes into a genome of bread wheat. Among the diversity of genes encoding DREB proteins, DREB1 is of the greatest interest due to its involvement in control of plant resistance to various abiotic factors, such as drought, salinity, low temperatures. We were the first to study the DREB1 orthologs in members of the genera Thinopyrum , Dasypyrum and Pseudoroegneria . Using primers designed on the basis of DREB1 conserved regions we amplified fragments of the DREB1 orthologs in Thinopyrum intermedium , Th. ponticum , Th. bessarabicum , Da- sypyrum villosum , Pseudoroegneria spicata , and P. stipifolia . The obtained PCR products were cloned and sequenced. As a result, 30 unique sequences were shown to be highly homologous (92-98 %) to the TaDREB genes of bread wheat. Between the sequences, we identified multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and several large insertions/deletions. The resulting DNA sequences were translated in silico into hypothetical amino acid sequences. All nucleotide sequences found by us are capable of encoding a complete protein that has a DNA-binding domain specific for DREB AP2. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the AP2 DNA-binding domain in the studied samples showed the presence of polymorphisms for individual amino acids. In all hypothetical amino acid sequences, except for one the sequence described, amino acids conserved for the DREB AP2-domain of cereals were found. We developed the CAPS marker P18_FokI, which in most cases can differentiate the DREB1 orthologs between wheat and wild relatives due to the presence of polymorphisms in the restriction sites, the fragment amplified from the genome of bread wheat has a size of about 570 bp. A DREB1 ortholog was localized in the homeological group 3 of Th. elongatum (3Je) using P18_FokI and a series of addition bread wheat lines with Th. elongatum chromosomes. Analysis of 10 wheat-wheatgrass hybrids revealed the presence of both TaDREB bread wheat and the DREB1 ortholog in all analyzed accessions. In this case, the wheat-type fragment was absent in bread wheat with a substituted chromosome 6J (6D), which also serves as a proof of localization of the DREB1 ortholog on the chromosome of homeological group 3. Thus, the CAPS marker P18_FokI developed by us helps to effectively transfer the DREB1 gene from the wild cereals to the genome of bread wheat, so that we can study the effect of the alien DREB1 gene on the resistance of bread wheat to drought, salinity, low temperatures, and, farther, to create valuable breeding forms using MAS.

Molecular markers make it possible to monitor the directional introgression of alien genetic material to the genome of wheat.Among the diverse molecular markers, the PLUG (PCR-based landmark unique gene) markers have the greatest advantage for analyzing distant hybrids due to the ability to amplify polymorphism fragments on closely related species and to detect simultaneously three genomes within one homoeological group in one PCR.A collection of 41 entries of different breeding stages developed in Russian State Agrarian University as a result of crossing of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat T. timopheevii Zhuk.was studied.All hybrids were resistant to leaf rust and powedery mildew natural infection.Using this collection of distant hybrids, we demonstrated for the first time the possibilities of PLUG markers for identifying alien introgressions in the genome of bread wheat from T. timopheevii.In order to increase the degree of polymorphism between the entries, we additionally processed the products of amplification of PLUG markers with highfrequency restriction endonucleases TaqI and HaeIII.The entries were found to carry both single and multiple introgressions.The latter entries with introgressions in more than one homeological group are of particular interest.The heterogeneity of not only the late generations of entries, but also the entries from the nursery of the preliminary cultivar estimation, which may be associated with secondary chasmogamy, is shown.As a result of the studies, 14 PLUG markers for the long and short chromosome arm of each homeological group have been selected, which can be recommended for the detection of the genetic material of T. timopheevii in distant hybrids of T. timopheevii ½ T. aestivum.The advantages of PLUG markers as a tool for monitoring the transfer of alien hereditary material into the genome of bread wheat are discussed.