Since 1964, the Kaliningrad branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN) has been conducting regular observations of the parameters of the lower atmosphere, ionosphere, and variations in the Earth’s magnetic field. The base of the measuring equipment, located in Ulyanovka village, Kaliningrad region (54° N, 20° E) consists of ionosonde for the vertical sounding of the ionosphere; two-frequency GPS/GLONASS receivers, which are used to determine the total electron content in the ionosphere; magnetic variation stations for the continuous recording of variations of the three components of the Earth’s magnetic field vector and calculating the local K-index; and a weather station. The simultaneous observations of variations in the magnetic field, as well as the ionospheric and meteorological parameters in the same observatory, offer a wide range of opportunities to study the atmospheric-ionospheric relations. This article provides a brief description of all the tools, provides a method for transmitting and storing the time series of measured parameters, and also presents examples of using these data for various geophysical studies.

Results of using the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) to measure absolute values of the ionosphere's total electron content (TEC) are presented. Specific features of configurations and differences in parameters of GLONASS and GPS are given, and their impact on TEC evaluation is analyzed. The statistical analysis is also carried out for comparing the TEC measurement data obtained from the GPS and GLONASS observations; a high correlation between measurements of both systems is shown. Investigations have revealed that the use of both systems allows of extending the possibilities of their employment for studying the ionosphere's structure and dynamics. To restore the diurnal behavior of TEC of the ionosphere above the observation station, the phase measurements are proposed to be taken as input data. Their advantage over the group measurements is not only their high accuracy but the fact that they are less subject to the multipath effect. The technique for processing the phase observations implemented for GLONASS is an essential part of the system for monitoring of the ionosphere over the European part of p]Russia, which is under development at the West Department of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation.

Analytical expressions for approximating the measured statistical characteristics of the F2 layer parameters are proposed. Various random physical factors that additively or multiplicatively affect electron density have been considered. Limiting laws of electron density distribution have been proposed for each of these influence factors. The distribution density for the foF2 critical frequency was obtained from these laws.

T he paper presents an analysis of the spectra of atmosphere aerosol variations and variations Total Electron Content in the ionosphere (TEC). Monitoring of atmospheric aerosol performed with using of the two-wavelength (532, 1064 nm) atmospheric lidar (LSA-2S). Ionospheric TEC parameter determined from the observation of the navigation satellites signals GLONASS (Leica1200). The observations in the lower atmosphere and ionosphere were executed simultaneously in the period February — March 2012. Analysis of the observations showed that during the period of solar terminator passing in the lower and upper atmosphere, there are variations of parameters with periods close to the period Vaisala — Brunt in the lower atmosphere. It is assumed that such disturbances are excited in the lower atmosphere and propagate into the upper atmosphere. It is assumed that the disturbances with periods close to the period of the Vaisala — Brunt can take an important part in the implementation of dynamic relationships of lower and upper atmospheric layers.

An analysis of the results of lidar observations in the lower atmosphere and observations of the total electron content in the ionosphere (TEC) in Kaliningrad (53°N, 22°E) during the period of solar terminator passage is presented. The observations at troposphere altitudes were performed with a two-wavelength atmospheric lidar (532 and 1064 nm). The ionospheric TEC was determined using signals from GLO-NASS navigation satellites. The observations in the lower atmosphere were performed in February and March 2012, starting ∼1 h before sunrise and ending ∼1–2 h after sunrise, whereas ionospheric observations were performed continuously throughout the day. Analysis of the spectrum of the observed parameters showed that, during solar terminator passage, the lower atmosphere and ionosphere parameters vary with periods of 4–6 min. Variations of the parameters in the atmosphere with these periods are associated with the propagation of acoustic-gravity waves (AGW). Analysis of the experimental results shows that AGW arise in the lower atmosphere and propagate vertically to ionospheric altitudes. It is assumed that AGW with these periods can be efficiently excited in the lower atmosphere and play an important role in the dynamic interactions between the lower and upper atmosphere.

Based on the results of statistical analysis, an effective regularization algorithm for reconstructing the height profile of electron concentration was proposed, an algorithm that takes into account ionospheric irregularities and requires a minimum of a priori information: the values of Ne(0) and Ne(∞) and the positive definiteness of Ne ≥ 0.

С. В. Ялунин, Ф. С. Бессараб, И. В. Карпов, А. В. Радиевский О ПРЯМОЙ ЗАДАЧЕ РАССЕЯНИЯ ДЛЯ ГЕОРАДАРА Обсуждается постановка прямой задачи рассеяния для георадара.В качестве теста рассмотрены георадарные сигналы для некоторых подземных объектов.The article analyses scattering problem for a ground penetrating radar and presents a test on the basis of ground penetrating radar system signals for several underground objects.

А. В. Радиевский, И. И. Шагимуратов GPS/ГЛОНАСС-ТОМОГРАФИИ ИОНОСФЕРЫИсследована проблема восстановления высотного профиля ионосферы из GPS

Behavior of vortex structures and domain walls in a superconductor with manycomponent order parameter in the external magnetic field is studied