The relevance of this study is determined by the need for new technological solutions to enhance the productivity of wells producing heavy and highly viscous crude oil. The work investigates multicomponent Al-Ga-In-Sn alloys as reactive systems capable of generating heat and hydrogen upon contact with water. The focus is placed on optimizing melting parameters and assessing how alloy composition and structural features affect reactivity. Phase composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction, microstructure by SEM-EDX, and elemental composition by XRF. The results show that the hydrogen generation rate and heat release depend on melting temperature, holding time, and ratios of activating metals, as well as the physicochemical properties of the formation water, particularly salinity and pH. Reaction enthalpy and conversion efficiency were quantified. The highest hydrogen output and thermal effect were observed for the following compositions-90 wt.% Al, 5 wt.% Ga, 2.5 wt.% In, 2.5 wt.% Sn; and 85 wt.% Al, 5 wt.% Ga, 5 wt.% In, 5 wt.% Sn (825 degrees C, 30 min). Rapid heat and gas release is attributed to the eutectic structure and micro-galvanic interaction, which eliminate the induction period. These findings demonstrate the potential of such alloys for in situ heating, enhanced oil recovery, and autonomous hydrogen-energy applications.

Methods for the preparation of aluminum hydroxides and alumina-supported catalysts through the interaction of activated Al-In-Ga alloys with water were developed. Bayerite was obtained from an alloy containing 99.0% Al + 0.5% In + 0.5% Ga at 303 K, while pseudoboehmite was synthesized from 90% Al + 5% In + 5% Ga at 363 K. The maximum specific surface area of aluminum oxide reached 700 m2/g. Dehydration of aluminum hydroxides proceeds via a sigmoidal mechanism with induction, acceleration, and deceleration stages. The dehydration rate increases with calcination temperature. Kinetic analysis revealed both kinetic and diffusion-controlled transformation regions for pseudoboehmite and bayerite. Transformation of pseudoboehmite into gamma-Al2O3 at 523-673 K preserves a high specific surface area of 630-640 m2/g. Two platinum deposition methods were proposed: synthesis in the presence of soluble platinum salts and incorporation of Pt into the Al-Ga-In alloy followed by reaction with water. Alongside metallic Pt, Pt delta+, Pt2+, and Pt4+ species were detected and reduced to Pt0 at 900 K. Alumina-platinum catalysts showed high activity in cyclohexane dehydrogenation. A Zn-Al catalyst for methanol decomposition was developed, providing up to 70% H2 in gaseous fuel and complete methanol conversion at 573 K.

The work is a continuation of studies , focused on the development of fundamental principles of aluminum activation by low-melting metals forming eutectic alloys with fine-grained structure and limited solid solubility. The aim of this work is to investigate the mechanism and kinetics of the interaction of aluminum-based eutectic alloys with water and aqueous electrolytes. Analysis of phase diagrams of binary systems (Al-Ga, Al-In, In-Ga, Al-Sn, Sn-Ga, Al-Zn, Zn-Ga) shows that alloy composition governs surface heterogeneity and reactivity. Ternary and quaternary systems (Al-In-Ga, Al-Sn-Ga, Al-In-Sn-Ga) exhibit enhanced interaction with water due to increased heterogeneity, leading to the formation of numerous microgalvanic couples and accelerated aluminum dissolution. The process is characterized by the stationary potential of aluminum and involves coupled chemical, electrochemical, and topochemical stages described by the Avrami-Erofeev equation, with n approximate to 1.27-2.07. An increase in the In-Ga or In-Sn-Ga fraction reduces the activation energy: 9.1 kcal/mol (82% Al-9% Ga-9% Sn), 11.4 kcal/mol (92% Al-4% Ga-4% In), and 15.5 kcal/mol (91% Al-3% Ga-3% In-3% Sn).

Thermal-gas-chemical treatment (TGCT) using activated aluminum alloys is a promising near-wellbore stimulation method for high-viscosity oil reservoirs, combining localized heat generation, hydrogen release, pressure increase, and chemical activation of the treated zone. This study evaluates the potential of TGCT for the Karazhanbas field using laboratory core flooding experiments and reservoir-scale scenario analysis. Experiments were conducted on unconsolidated core models saturated with high-viscosity oil. Treatment with activated aluminum alloy and formation water generated up to 2600 mL of gas but did not increase oil displacement efficiency. In contrast, the system containing activated aluminum alloy, 3 wt.% HCl, and 2 wt.% surfactant intensified the reaction, promoted gas-liquid foam formation, increased electrical resistivity to 5000 Omega & centerdot;m, and improved oil displacement efficiency from 0.37 to 0.61. The additional oil recovery reached 16.8 mL, corresponding to a relative increase of approximately 65%. Reservoir-scale scenario calculations showed a heterogeneous production response, with maximum oil production rate increases ranging from 0.03 to 3.27 m3/day, depending on well conditions. The results indicate that TGCT efficiency is controlled by the combined thermal, gas, and chemical effects rather than gas generation alone. Field-scale implementation requires the calibration of the treatment radius, effect duration, temperature response, gas saturation, permeability alteration, and well-specific reservoir conditions.

The concept of heating the near-wellbore zone (NWZ) using activated aluminum alloys offers a novel approach to enhancing oil recovery. This article reviews research on the development of hydrocarbon-based solvent formulations for removing asphaltene–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPD) in the NWZ and restoring well productivity. A comprehensive analysis of ARPD composition enabled the selection of solvent systems tailored to specific deposit types. The efficiency of ARPD removal from the NWZ, downhole equipment, and oil gathering systems in heavy and highly viscous Kazakhstani crude oils was evaluated using hydrocarbon solvent blends (e.g., hexane–toluene, gasoline–o-xylene, o-xylene–hexane–1-hexene) with surfactants (polyoxyethylene sorbitan–maleic anhydride esters), atactic polypropylene (APP), and activated aluminum alloys. The developed formulations accelerated ARPD breakdown and reduced energy consumption. It has been established that the optimal concentration of APP (0.5 wt.%) provides up to 100% cleaning efficiency and increases dissolving capacity by 25–30% compared to traditional binary systems. Cleaning efficiency is driven by a thermochemical reaction between water and the aluminum alloy, 2Al + 6H2O → 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2↑ + 17 kJ, which depends on the alloy’s microstructure, grain boundary condition, and additive distribution. The exothermic effect of the reaction leads to the formation of a hot gas–steam–hydrogen mixture, where atomic hydrogen actively breaks down ARPD and increases the reservoir permeability by 2 to 4.5 times. Results show that a composite formulation of hexane–toluene–alloy–H2O2 (46.5:15:0.25:38.25) reduces the treatment time of ARPD-3 from 60 to 10 min while maintaining high efficiency at the level of 98.3%.

The possibility of improving the rheological characteristics of waxy oils by using low-viscosity oil as a diluent to optimize oil transportation has been studied. We have previously demonstrated the processes of paraffin deposition in the highly paraffinic oil of the Kumkol oilfields group. In this study, we examine the physicochemical properties and rheological parameters of highly paraffinic West Kazakhstan oil and light Aktobe oil (with different compositions of Aktobe oil—1 to 50%). Our data show that the Aktobe oils are characterized by a low paraffin content (5.6%), a low temperature of yield loss (−30 °C), and low density (820.2 kg/m3) compared with the West Kazakhstan oil mixture (17.3%; +15 °C; 880.2 kg/m3). The effective viscosity of the Aktobe oils at −5 °C was 0.021 Pa·s, while for the West Kazakhstan oil, it was 5.459 Pa·s at +5 °C. The addition of the low-viscosity Aktobe oil as a diluent led to a decrease in the temperature of loss of fluidity (+9 °C) of the highly solidified non-Newtonian West Kazakhstan oil, as well as a decrease in the viscosity (0.367 Pa·s). Accordingly, with the addition of Aktobe oils to the composite oil, the content of naphtheno-aromatic hydrocarbons increased, which led to an improvement in the aggregative stability of the oil dispersion and enhanced the viscosity properties of the oil.

The transportation of paraffinic oils, particularly from Kazakhstan, is hindered by the formation of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits (ARPDs), which complicate production and transport processes. While chemical treatments using inhibitors and depressants are commonly used, they are often less effective for oils with high paraffin contents and unique compositions, such as those found in Kazakhstan. This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing a depressor additive (PTE) tailored specifically for paraffinic oils, addressing the limitations of existing commercial additives. The PTE additive, derived from pyromellitic acid dianhydride (PMDA), polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate (Tween-85), and arachidyl alcohol (1-eicosanol), was tested on paraffinic oil blends from West Kazakhstan (WKOM) and Kumkol-Akshabulak (KAOM) under combined thermal treatment conditions at 60 and 90 °C. Rheological analyses indicated that heat treatment alone improved cold-flow properties, but these effects were transient. However, the introduction of PTE at concentrations of 500-1000 ppm produced a significant, sustained reduction in yield loss temperature (from 18 to 3 °C in WKOM and from 12 to 0 °C in KAOM) and decreased effective viscosity to 0.167 Pa s for WKOM and 0.245 Pa s for KAOM at 0 °C. Microscopic analysis confirmed that PTE alters paraffin crystallization, forming large lamellar structures that prevent network formation and maintain oil fluidity. The PTE additive demonstrated consistent effectiveness over 10 days, surpassing the stability and impact of commercial additives. These findings highlight PTE as a tailored, effective solution for enhancing cold-flow properties in high-paraffin oils.

Background: Under conditions of anthropogenic impact, the chemical composition of water in surface rivers and groundwater bodies is subjected to pollution, which leads not only to a decrease in water quality, but also to an increase in the number of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. Aim: The purpose of this work is to study the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of natural and industrial recycled water before and after treatment with coagulants based on activated aluminum alloys. Materials and methods: As natural waters were analyzed: natural waters from water intake “Almaty SU”, “Medeu” tract, Zhaiyk river, from the well of experimental metallurgical production of IMOB. As recycled water was analyzed water taken from the water treatment unit of deep oil refining production. Turbidity was measured using HACH 2100Q turbidimeter and 2100Qis turbidimeter (USA). Cell morphology of microorganism cultures was studied by light microscopy using a MicroOptix MX-1150 (T) stereoscopic-sotrinocular microscope. Results: An effective and technologically simple method of obtaining aluminum polyoxychloride with the content of the main substance from 33 to 41.0% by Al2O3 and basicity from 55.1 to 66.5% has been developed. The method consists in dissolution of aluminum alloy activated by metal-activators (indium, gallium, tin) in the amount of 0.5–1.0 wt.% of each in 3% HCl. Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of natural and industrial recycled water have been studied. The efficiency of the obtained aluminum polyoxychloride for treatment and conditioning of drinking water and industrial recycled water was evaluated. Conclusion: Unique alloys with high energy characteristics based on aluminum containing indium, gallium, tin from 0.5–1.0 wt.% have been created. The alloy has high activity in various oxidizing media (water, hydrochloric acid). A technologically simple method of obtaining aluminum polyoxychloride has been developed. Chemical and microbiological composition of natural and industrial recycled water has been studied. Coagulants based on activated aluminum alloys are effective in the processes of conditioning and purification of natural and recycled water from toxic compounds, have bactericidal activity, the level of gram-negative bacteria is reduced to 73%, gram-positive bacteria to 84% and to 96% of other groups of microorganisms. Fungi and yeasts (Mucor, Fusarium) were not detected after water treatment. Efficiency of water turbidity reduction reaches 90–99%, permanganate oxidizability up to 93%.

The oil pipeline transportation of highly waxy oils when it is cold is accompanied by the deposition of paraffins in the inner surface of the pipeline. This study of the initial properties of the oil; the composition, structure, and nature of the components of normal alkanes in oil; and their influence on the aggregative stability of the resulting system makes it possible to find the best solutions to optimize the conditions of oil transportation with the lowest energy costs. This study shows that, according to the content of solid paraffin (14.0–16.2%), the oils of the Kumkol group of fields in Kazakhstan are highly waxy. They are characterized by high yield loss temperature values (+9–+12 °C), which also correlate with the values of the rheological parameters (τ0 1.389 Pa, 3.564 Pa). The influence of the temperature and shear rate on the shear stress and effective viscosity of the initial oils was studied. At temperatures below 20 °C, depending on the shear rate, there is an increase in the effective viscosity values (0.020 Pa∙s, 0.351 Pa∙s). The influence of the nature of solid hydrocarbons on the parameters of the paraffinization process and of the intensity of the paraffinization of the metal surfaces was studied. Our study shows that the main share of n-alkanes in the Kumkol and Akshabulak oils falls on paraffins of the C15–C44 group. The greater the temperature difference between the oil and the cold steel surface (≤40 °C), the lesser the amount of asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) that fall out on the surface of the rod, although the content of long-chain paraffins prevails in these ARPDs. At the same time, the consistency of the released asphalt–resin–paraffin deposits (ARPDs) becomes denser, which makes their mechanical removal more difficult. Furthermore, the results of this study of the cooling rate shows that the rapid cooling of oils leads to the formation of a large number of crystallization centers, which leads to an increase in the values of the yield loss temperature and kinematic viscosity of the oils.

Among pollutants, petroleum hydrocarbons are recognized as the priority pollutants of the environment. Petroleum hydrocarbons can cause changes in the physical and chemical properties of soils, leading to a decrease in the functional activity of the microbiota of soil biocenoses. The aim of the study was to develop ways and methods of oil-contaminated soil remediation with the new generation sorbents based on organomineral biofertilizer “Kazuglegumus” and aluminum alloys activated by indium, gallium, and tin. The structure and composition of the organomineral reagents, as well as soils with different degrees of contamination were proved by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. As a working hypothesis, it was accepted that the aluminum alloy activated by gallium, indium, and tin forms complex compounds with humic or fulvic acids, which are low-toxic or non-toxic for plants. The efficiency of cleaning oil-contaminated soils with organomineral sorbents was evaluated. The reduction of oil concentration in soil samples by 12–22% depending on the concentration of reagents and oil content in soil was revealed. The character of oil pollution impact on plants of legume families alfalfa, melilot, and sainfoin, which are characterized by the ability to accumulate and then give nitrogen to the soil, was studied. The phytotoxicity of uncontaminated and non-oil-contaminated soils was studied in laboratory and field conditions. Significantly accelerated plant growth was observed in samples of oil-contaminated soil after treatment with sorbent based on activated aluminum alloy Rau-85 and fertilizer “Kazuglegumus”. The plants had stronger root systems. These experiments are explained by the effect of Rau-85 alloys in favor of reducing the oil concentration to the normalized limits, as well as the transformation of natural humic substances and additionally applied fertilizer “Kazuglegumus” (potassium humates), which increased their biological activity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The reduction of fresh water deficit and water-related morbidity is the most important problem of the state's national security. The effective treatment of natural water in industrialized areas from natural and anthropogenic pollutants is the main ecological task. Coagulation is one of the effective methods used to treat water chemically to purify it. Aluminum polyoxychlorides have gained popularity because of their advantages over coagulants-aluminum and iron sulfates. No production of aluminum polyoxychloride occurs in Kazakhstan despite the need for coagulants (the minimum need is assessed at about 11 thousand tons). The work is aimed at theoretical justification and experimental proof of a principally new approach to the development of aluminum polyoxychloride production technology based on activated aluminum alloys containing metal activators, such as gallium, indium, and tin from 0.5 to 5 percent weight. In addition, the goal is solving environmental issues associated with improving the drinking water quality and related to environmental pollution with wastewater.METHODS: The microstructures, phase components, and elemental compositions of alloys and reaction products were studied by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The thermal effects of alloys were investigated usin thermogravimetry methods. Oil content in wastewater was determined by spectrophotometry. Oil particle dimensions and wastewater zero potentials were determined using electrophoretic light scattering method and residual turbidity by turbidimetry. Water quality assessment was included in the purified water analysis and comparison with the sanitary and epidemiological standards established for drinking water supply and wastewater intended for water discharge.FINDINGS: The structures and compositions of activated aluminum alloy containing metal activators - gallium, indium, and tin - from 0.5 to 5 weight percent and aluminum polyoxychlorides based on it were studied using modern instrumental methods. The efficiency of the treatment of natural and oilcontaminated wastewater with aluminum polyoxychloride was assessed. The treated water parameters were within the norms established for drinking water supply and wastewater disposal by Sanitary Rules and Norms 2.1.4.559-96. The efficiency of potable water treatment reached 90-99 percent.CONCLUSION: An effective and technologically simple method is developed for producing aluminum polyoxychloride. It involves dissolving an activated alloy in 1-5 percent hydrochloric acid, with an aluminum content of 98.5-85 percent. Alloy processing is carried out at temperatures ranging from 60 to 65 degree celsius. The temperature rises from 20 to 25 degree celsius to the specified optimum without heat supply from the outside due to the interaction among reagents. The process is completed in 2-3 hours. The results confirm that aluminum polyoxychloride is an effective coagulant for drinking and wastewater treatment. The treated water is within the established limits in terms of hydrogen potential, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity. The water treatment method can be easily implemented.

The prospects for using new-generation energy-accumulating substances based on aluminum alloys activated with activating metals (indium, gallium, tin, eutectics of low-melting metals) as non-traditional environmentally friendly sources for hydrogen production from water and energy accumulation methods, the formation of various forms of aluminum hydroxides, are discussed, which can be used in solving environmental problems in the oil industry: in technologies for complex oil treatment, destruction of abnormally stable water-oil emulsions and oil sludge, demetallization and desulphurization of hydrocarbon raw materials, for the treatment of industrial waste, recycled and natural waters, as well as the reclamation of oil-contaminated areas with low and average levels of pollution, restoration of their fertility when used together with organomineral (humic) fertilizers.

For the first time, the synthesis of new scaling inhibitors – esters of phosphoric acids, based on the reactions of phosphorylation of hydroxyethylterephthalamide with polyphosphoric acid, was theoretically substantiated and experimentally carried out. The esterification with polyphosphoric acid of bishydroxyethyterephthalamide was carried out at a temperature of 130-140°C for 4-6 hours. Bishydroxyethyl terephthalamide is a product of the aminolysis of polyethylene terephthalate, including in the form of production waste or recycling of polyethylene terephthalate. Using 1 H-, 31P spectroscopy the structure and composition of new reagents were proved. The inhibitory activity of phosphoric acid esters of bishydroxyethyl terephthalamide was studied on model water-salt solutions. It has been established that inhibitors have complex actions in relation to carbonate and sulfate deposits. An effective amount to inhibit sulfate scale is 2-10 ppm, carbonate scale 10-30 ppm. The degree of inhibition reaches 100%. Inhibitors can be recommended to protect pipelines from scale deposits during oil transportation.

Бас редактор ЖҰРЫНОВ Мұрат Жұрынұлы, химия ғылымдарының докторы, профессор, ҚР ҰҒА академигі, Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық Ғылым академиясының президенті, АҚ «Д.В.Сокольский атындағы отын, катализ және электрохимия институтының» бас директоры (Алматы

The quality and depth of content Web of Science offers to researchers, authors, publishers, and institutions sets it apart from other research databases.The inclusion of News of NAS RK.Series of geology and technical sciences in the Emerging Sources Citation Index demonstrates our dedication to providing the most relevant and influential content of geology and engineering sciences to our community.Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық ғылым академиясы «ҚР ҰҒА Хабарлары.Геология және техникалық ғылымдар сериясы» ғылыми журналының Web of Science

By methods of differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, the composition of the thermally active part of the studied multicomponent samples of the products of the interaction of the activated aluminum alloy with various oxidizers was determined, and their thermal behavior was revealed under conditions of dynamic temperature rise. Thermal analysis was carried out in air environment, in the temperature range from 20 to 1000°C. The heating mode of the furnace was linear (dT/dt = 10 grad/min), the reference substance was calcined Al2 O3 . Water, 3% aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, 5% aqueous solution of sulfuric acid were used as oxidizing agents. Establishment of the material composition of the active part of powder samples was carried out according to the morphologies of thermal curves and numerical values of the intensities of endo- and exothermic effects using the thermogravimetric readings of TG-lines associated with them. A series of endo- and exothermic effects revealed during the decomposition of the test samples made it possible to follow the order of the stage of their thermal destruction and quantitatively determine the composition of volatile components. A number of features of sample decomposition were established depending on their composition and weight ratios of thermally active sample components. The obtained data on the thermal analysis of the oxidation products of the activated alloy RAU-85 in various oxidizing environments can be successfully applied to develop a technology for cleaning the bottomhole zone of the well from asphalt resin paraffin deposits, based on the thermal gas-chemical interaction of the activated aluminum alloy and formation water, which results in the formation of a large amount of heat and vapor-gas mixture.

A new generation of organophosphorous scale inhibitors has been developed. Inhibitors are intended to prevent the deposition of sulphate and carbonate salts in surface and downhole equipment during oil production, treatment and transportation. The I type inhibitor (aminophosphonic acid) was synthesized through the Moedritzer-Irani reaction of the condensation of 4.4'-(propane-2.2-diylbis(4.1-phenylene) bis(oxy) dianiline (A diamine) with formaldehyde and phosphorous acid, the II type inhibitor by phosphorylation of glycolyzed PET flex-(bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate) with polyphosphoric acid. The structure of the developed organophosphorus compounds was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. High inhibitory efficacy of the first and second types of reagents for the deposition of carbonate and calcium sulphates was revealed. The morphology of the solid sediments of mineral salts was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is revealed that the inhibition of crystal formation occurs at the stage of nucleation. Embedding in the surface of crystal nucleus, the inhibitors prevent formation of crystalline phase in a solution and crystal growth.

In this paper, the results of testing a new nonionic surfactant as a corrosion inhibitor in a 0.5M hydrochloric acid solution are given. The corrosion inhibitor was synthesized by catalytic esterification of maleic anhydride with polyoxyethylene sorbitan and further amidating of the ether with diethanolamine. The structure and composition of the developed inhibitor were characterized by the methods of FT-IR and H NMR spectroscopy. Results showed that the reagent MA/Tween-DEA effectively inhibited the corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric solution with an optimal inhibition efficiency of 94 % (100 ppm) at 303 K from weight loss test. Thermodynamic parameters such as adsorption heat (ΔHa), adsorption entropy (ΔSa) and adsorption free energy (ΔGads) were obtained from experimental data of the temperature studies of the inhibition process at five temperatures ranging from 303 to 343 K. The thermodynamic parameters of the corrosion process were calculated in the absence and presence of inhibitor and discussed. The mechanism of action of inhibitor protection of a steel plate by a synthesized inhibitor has been studied. Adsorption of MA/TweenDEA on the carbon surface in 0.5 M HCl follows the Langmuir isotherm model.

Analysis of oil sludge formed in a storage tank for straight-run fuel oil of "Pavlodar Oil Chemistry Refinery" LLP was carried out in this work. Content of water, oil products and mechanical impurities was 12.4 %, 17.6 % and 70 %, respectively. A sample of oil separated from the sludge was analyzed for the content of silica gel resins, paraffins and asphaltenes, and their group composition was studied using the IR spectrometry method. It was revealed that the oil sludge stabilizers belonged to the paraffin type. TG/DSC analysis was used to obtain information on the initial and final temperature of the thermal decomposition of the oil sludge. It was shown that oil products are completely burned to a temperature of 600 degrees C. This temperature was used for calcining oil sludge. The phase composition of mechanical impurities isolated from the oil sludge was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. According to the data obtained from X-ray diffraction analysis, main constituents of the mineral part of the oil sludge were quartz sand (63.1 %) and albite (16.5 %). The most optimal mixture of solvents (white spirit: hexane) for extracting petroleum products from the oil sludge was obtained using the extraction method.